Factors associated with childbirth self-efficacy in Australian childbearing women

doi:10.1186/s12884-015-0465-8

. 2015 Feb 13:15:29.

doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0465-8.

Factors associated with childbirth self-efficacy in Australian childbearing women

Lianne Schwartz¹, Jocelyn Toohill^{2

3}, Debra K Creedy^{4

5}, Kathleen Baird^{6

7}, Jenny Gamble^{8

9}, Jennifer Fenwick^{10

11

12}

Affiliations

¹ School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. L.Schwartz@griffith.edu.au.
² School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. J.Toohill@griffith.edu.au.
³ Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. J.Toohill@griffith.edu.au.
⁴ School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. D.Creedy@griffith.edu.au.
⁵ Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. D.Creedy@griffith.edu.au.
⁶ School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. K.Baird@griffith.edu.au.
⁷ Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. K.Baird@griffith.edu.au.
⁸ School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. J.Gamble@griffith.edu.au.
⁹ Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. J.Gamble@griffith.edu.au.
¹⁰ School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. J.Fenwick@griffith.edu.au.
¹¹ Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. J.Fenwick@griffith.edu.au.
¹² Gold Coast University Hospital, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia. J.Fenwick@griffith.edu.au.

PMID: 25879780
PMCID: PMC4333169
DOI: 10.1186/s12884-015-0465-8

Factors associated with childbirth self-efficacy in Australian childbearing women

Lianne Schwartz et al. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015.

. 2015 Feb 13:15:29.

doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0465-8.

Authors

Lianne Schwartz¹, Jocelyn Toohill^{2

3}, Debra K Creedy^{4

5}, Kathleen Baird^{6

7}, Jenny Gamble^{8

9}, Jennifer Fenwick^{10

11

12}

Affiliations

¹ School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. L.Schwartz@griffith.edu.au.
² School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. J.Toohill@griffith.edu.au.
³ Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. J.Toohill@griffith.edu.au.
⁴ School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. D.Creedy@griffith.edu.au.
⁵ Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. D.Creedy@griffith.edu.au.
⁶ School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. K.Baird@griffith.edu.au.
⁷ Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. K.Baird@griffith.edu.au.
⁸ School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. J.Gamble@griffith.edu.au.
⁹ Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. J.Gamble@griffith.edu.au.
¹⁰ School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. J.Fenwick@griffith.edu.au.
¹¹ Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia. J.Fenwick@griffith.edu.au.
¹² Gold Coast University Hospital, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia. J.Fenwick@griffith.edu.au.

PMID: 25879780
PMCID: PMC4333169
DOI: 10.1186/s12884-015-0465-8

Abstract

Background: Childbirth confidence is an important marker of women's coping abilities during labour and birth. This study investigated socio-demographic, obstetric and psychological factors affecting self-efficacy in childbearing women.

Method: This paper presents a secondary analysis of data collected as part of the BELIEF study (Birth Emotions - Looking to Improve Expectant Fear). Women (n = 1410) were recruited during pregnancy (≤24 weeks gestation). The survey included socio-demographic details (such as age and partner support); obstetric details including parity, birth preference, and pain; and standardised psychological measures: CBSEI (Childbirth Self-efficacy Inventory), W-DEQ A (childbirth fear) and EPDS (depressive symptoms). Variables were tested against CBSEI first stage of labour sub-scales (outcome expectancy and self-efficacy expectancy) according to parity.

Results: CBSEI total mean score was 443 (SD = 112.2). CBSEI, W-DEQ, EPDS scores were highly correlated. Regardless of parity, women who reported low childbirth knowledge, who preferred a caesarean section, and had high W-DEQ and EPDS scores reported lower self-efficacy. There were no differences for nulliparous or multiparous women on outcome expectancy, but multiparous women had higher self-efficacy scores (p < .001). Multiparous women whose partner was unsupportive were more likely to report low self-efficacy expectancy (p < .05). Experiencing moderate pain in pregnancy was significantly associated with low self-efficacy expectancy in both parity groups, as well as low outcome expectancy in nulliparous women only. Fear correlated strongly with low childbirth self-efficacy.

Conclusion: Few studies have investigated childbirth self-efficacy according to parity. Although multiparous women reported higher birth confidence significant obstetric and psychological differences were found. Addressing women's physical and emotional wellbeing and perceptions of the upcoming birth may highlight their level of self-efficacy for birth.

Trial registration: Australian New Zealand Controlled Trials Registry ACTRN12612000526875 , 17(th) May 2012.

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References

1. Lowe N. Self-efficacy for labor and childbirth fears in nulliparous pregnant women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2000;21(4):219–224. doi: 10.3109/01674820009085591. - DOI - PubMed
1. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977;84(2):191–215. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191. - DOI - PubMed
1. Lowe N. Maternal confidence for labor: development of the childbirth self-efficacy inventory. Res Nurs Health. 1993;16(2):141–9. doi: 10.1002/nur.4770160209. - DOI - PubMed
1. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman; 1997.
1. Beebe K, Lee K, Carrieri-Kohlman V, Humphreys J. The effects of childbirth self-efficacy and anxiety during pregnancy on prehospitalization labor. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2007;36(5):410–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2007.00170.x. - DOI - PubMed

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[1] Lowe N. Self-efficacy for labor and childbirth fears in nulliparous pregnant women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2000;21(4):219–224. doi: 10.3109/01674820009085591. - DOI - PubMed

[2] Lowe N. Self-efficacy for labor and childbirth fears in nulliparous pregnant women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2000;21(4):219–224. doi: 10.3109/01674820009085591. - DOI - PubMed

[3] Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977;84(2):191–215. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191. - DOI - PubMed

[4] Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977;84(2):191–215. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191. - DOI - PubMed

[5] Lowe N. Maternal confidence for labor: development of the childbirth self-efficacy inventory. Res Nurs Health. 1993;16(2):141–9. doi: 10.1002/nur.4770160209. - DOI - PubMed

[6] Lowe N. Maternal confidence for labor: development of the childbirth self-efficacy inventory. Res Nurs Health. 1993;16(2):141–9. doi: 10.1002/nur.4770160209. - DOI - PubMed

[7] Bandura A. Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman; 1997.

[8] Bandura A. Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman; 1997.

[9] Beebe K, Lee K, Carrieri-Kohlman V, Humphreys J. The effects of childbirth self-efficacy and anxiety during pregnancy on prehospitalization labor. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2007;36(5):410–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2007.00170.x. - DOI - PubMed

[10] Beebe K, Lee K, Carrieri-Kohlman V, Humphreys J. The effects of childbirth self-efficacy and anxiety during pregnancy on prehospitalization labor. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2007;36(5):410–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2007.00170.x. - DOI - PubMed

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Factors associated with childbirth self-efficacy in Australian childbearing women

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Factors associated with childbirth self-efficacy in Australian childbearing women

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