Daycare attendance, breastfeeding, and the development of type 1 diabetes: the diabetes autoimmunity study in the young

Abstract

Background: The hygiene hypothesis attributes the increased incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) to a decrease of immune system stimuli from infections. We evaluated this prospectively in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) by examining daycare attendance during the first two years of life (as a proxy for infections) and the risk of T1D.

Methods: DAISY is a prospective cohort of children at increased T1D risk. Analyses were limited to 1783 children with complete daycare and breastfeeding data from birth to 2 years of age; 58 children developed T1D. Daycare was defined as supervised time with at least one other child at least 3 times a week. Breastfeeding duration was evaluated as a modifier of the effect of daycare. Cox proportional hazards regression was used for analyses.

Results: Attending daycare before the age of 2 years was not associated with T1D risk (HR: 0.89; CI: 0.54-1.47) after adjusting for HLA, first degree relative with T1D, ethnicity, and breastfeeding duration. Breastfeeding duration modified this association, where daycare attendance was associated with increased T1D risk in nonbreastfed children and a decreasing T1D risk with increasing breastfeeding duration (interaction P value=0.02).

Conclusions: These preliminary data suggest breastfeeding may modify the effect of daycare on T1D risk.

Figure 1

The association between attending daycare in the first 2 years of life and risk of developing T1D in children who were breastfed for 0 months (i.e., not breastfed), 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months. The HRs and 95% CIs are calculated from the interaction term, daycare ∗ breastfeeding duration (as a continuous variable), in the model adjusting for HLA, first degree relative with T1D, and ethnicity (interaction P value = 0.02).