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Review
. 2015:2015:268390.
doi: 10.1155/2015/268390. Epub 2015 Mar 26.

Diabetic foot syndrome as a possible cardiovascular marker in diabetic patients

Antonino Tuttolomondo  1 , Carlo Maida  1 , Antonio Pinto  1
Affiliations
Review

Diabetic foot syndrome as a possible cardiovascular marker in diabetic patients

Antonino Tuttolomondo et al. J Diabetes Res. 2015.

Abstract

Diabetic foot ulcerations have been extensively reported as vascular complications of diabetes mellitus associated with a high degree of morbidity and mortality; in fact, some authors showed a higher prevalence of major, previous and new-onset, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular events in diabetic patients with foot ulcers than in those without these complications. This is consistent with the fact that in diabetes there is a complex interplay of several variables with inflammatory metabolic disorders and their effect on the cardiovascular system that could explain previous reports of high morbidity and mortality rates in diabetic patients with amputations. Involvement of inflammatory markers such as IL-6 plasma levels and resistin in diabetic subjects confirmed the pathogenetic issue of the "adipovascular" axis that may contribute to cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. In patients with diabetic foot, this "adipovascular axis" expression in lower plasma levels of adiponectin and higher plasma levels of IL-6 could be linked to foot ulcers pathogenesis by microvascular and inflammatory mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to focus on the immune inflammatory features of DFS and its possible role as a marker of cardiovascular risk in diabetes patients.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Neuropathic diabetic foot.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Neuropathic ulcers.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Ischemic diabetic foot.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Infected diabetic foot.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Evolving foot in diabetics: from healthy foot to ischemic diabetic foot.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Pathogenetic pathway linking diabetes to diabetic foot ulceration.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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