Review
Pituitary Apoplexy
Kenneth R Feingold
1
, S. Faisal Ahmed
2
, Bradley Anawalt
3
, Marc R Blackman
4
, Alison Boyce
5
, George Chrousos
6
, Emiliano Corpas
7
, Wouter W de Herder
8
, Ketan Dhatariya
9
, Kathleen Dungan
10
, Johannes Hofland
11
, Sanjay Kalra
12
, Gregory Kaltsas
13
, Nitin Kapoor
14
, Christian Koch
15
, Peter Kopp
16
, Márta Korbonits
17
, Christopher S Kovacs
18
, Wendy Kuohung
19
, Blandine Laferrère
20
, Miles Levy
21
, Elizabeth A McGee
22
, Robert McLachlan
23
, Radhika Muzumdar
24
, Jonathan Purnell
25
, Rodolfo Rey
26
, Rakesh Sahay
27
, Amy S Shah
28
, Frederick Singer
29
, Mark A Sperling
30
, Constantine A Stratakis
31
, Dace L Trence
32
, Don P Wilson
33
, editors.
In: Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000.
.
Affiliations
Affiliations
- 1 Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine.
- 2 Chairman, Department of Medicine Kathleen & Stanley Glaser Distinguished Chair in Medicine. University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine.
Book Affiliations
- 1 Professor of Medicine Emeritus, University of California, San Francisco, CA
- 2 Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- 3 Chief of Medicine at the University of Washington Medical Center and Professor and Vice Chair of the Department of Medicine, University of Washington
- 4 Sr. Physician Scientist, Washington DC VA Medical Center; Professor of Medicine & Rehabilitation Medicine, Georgetown University; Clinical Professor of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University; and Professor of Medicine (Part-time), Johns Hopkins University
- 5 Pediatric Endocrinologist and Associate Research Physician in the Skeletal Diseases and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health
- 6 Professor of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
- 7 M.D. Ph.D in Gerontology. Honorary Professor of Medicine, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid. Consultant in Endocrinology, Hospital HLA Guadalajara (Spain).
- 8 Professor of Endocrine Oncology, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- 9 Consultant in Diabetes, Endocrinology and General Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
- 10 Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Ohio State University
- 11 Consultant Endocrinologist, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- 12 Consultant Endocrinologist, Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal, India
- 13 Professor of General Medicine-Endocrinology, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- 14 Professor of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
- 15 Professor, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- 16 Professor of Medicine and Chief of the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- 17 Professor of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Centre Lead for Endocrinology and Deputy Institute Director, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England
- 18 University Research Professor and Professor of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Obstetrics & Gynecology, and BioMedical Sciences, at Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada.
- 19 Director of the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology at Boston Medical Center and an Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Boston University School of Medicine
- 20 Professor of Medicine, New York Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- 21 Consultant endocrinologist at University Hospitals of Leicester and Honorary Associate Professor at Leicester University
- 22 Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Vermont and Director of the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. Burlington, Vermont
- 23 Director of Clinical Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research; Consultant Endocrinologist, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- 24 Allan L. Drash Endowed Chair, Chief, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Professor of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- 25 Professor of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute and the Division of Endocrinology, and Associate Director, Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition and Wellness, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
- 26 Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330, C1425EFD Buenos Aires; and Departamento de Histología, Biología Celular, Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
- 27 Professor and Head of Department of Endocrinology, Osmania Medical College and Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad, India.
- 28 Professor of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati, Department of Pediatrics and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- 29 Director of the Endocrine/Bone Disease Program, Saint Johns Cancer Institute at Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA; Clinical Professor of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
- 30 Professorial Lecturer, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Emeritus Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh.
- 31 CSO, ELPEN, Inc. & Director, Research Institute, Athens, Greece & Senior Investigator, Human Genetics & Precision Medicine, FORTH (ITE), Heraklion, Greece. Emeritus Scientific Director & Senior Investigator, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 32 Professor of Medicine, Emeritus, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- 33 Endowed Chair, Cardiovascular Health and Risk Prevention, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX
- PMID: 25905348
- Bookshelf ID: NBK279125
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Review
Pituitary Apoplexy
Zeina C Hannoush et al.
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In: Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000.
.
Authors
Book Editors
Kenneth R Feingold
1
, S. Faisal Ahmed
2
, Bradley Anawalt
3
, Marc R Blackman
4
, Alison Boyce
5
, George Chrousos
6
, Emiliano Corpas
7
, Wouter W de Herder
8
, Ketan Dhatariya
9
, Kathleen Dungan
10
, Johannes Hofland
11
, Sanjay Kalra
12
, Gregory Kaltsas
13
, Nitin Kapoor
14
, Christian Koch
15
, Peter Kopp
16
, Márta Korbonits
17
, Christopher S Kovacs
18
, Wendy Kuohung
19
, Blandine Laferrère
20
, Miles Levy
21
, Elizabeth A McGee
22
, Robert McLachlan
23
, Radhika Muzumdar
24
, Jonathan Purnell
25
, Rodolfo Rey
26
, Rakesh Sahay
27
, Amy S Shah
28
, Frederick Singer
29
, Mark A Sperling
30
, Constantine A Stratakis
31
, Dace L Trence
32
, Don P Wilson
33
Affiliations
- 1 Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine.
- 2 Chairman, Department of Medicine Kathleen & Stanley Glaser Distinguished Chair in Medicine. University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine.
Book Affiliations
- 1 Professor of Medicine Emeritus, University of California, San Francisco, CA
- 2 Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- 3 Chief of Medicine at the University of Washington Medical Center and Professor and Vice Chair of the Department of Medicine, University of Washington
- 4 Sr. Physician Scientist, Washington DC VA Medical Center; Professor of Medicine & Rehabilitation Medicine, Georgetown University; Clinical Professor of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University; and Professor of Medicine (Part-time), Johns Hopkins University
- 5 Pediatric Endocrinologist and Associate Research Physician in the Skeletal Diseases and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health
- 6 Professor of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
- 7 M.D. Ph.D in Gerontology. Honorary Professor of Medicine, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid. Consultant in Endocrinology, Hospital HLA Guadalajara (Spain).
- 8 Professor of Endocrine Oncology, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- 9 Consultant in Diabetes, Endocrinology and General Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
- 10 Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Ohio State University
- 11 Consultant Endocrinologist, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- 12 Consultant Endocrinologist, Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal, India
- 13 Professor of General Medicine-Endocrinology, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- 14 Professor of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
- 15 Professor, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- 16 Professor of Medicine and Chief of the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- 17 Professor of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Centre Lead for Endocrinology and Deputy Institute Director, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England
- 18 University Research Professor and Professor of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Obstetrics & Gynecology, and BioMedical Sciences, at Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada.
- 19 Director of the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology at Boston Medical Center and an Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Boston University School of Medicine
- 20 Professor of Medicine, New York Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- 21 Consultant endocrinologist at University Hospitals of Leicester and Honorary Associate Professor at Leicester University
- 22 Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Vermont and Director of the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. Burlington, Vermont
- 23 Director of Clinical Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research; Consultant Endocrinologist, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- 24 Allan L. Drash Endowed Chair, Chief, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Professor of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- 25 Professor of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute and the Division of Endocrinology, and Associate Director, Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition and Wellness, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
- 26 Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330, C1425EFD Buenos Aires; and Departamento de Histología, Biología Celular, Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
- 27 Professor and Head of Department of Endocrinology, Osmania Medical College and Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad, India.
- 28 Professor of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati, Department of Pediatrics and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- 29 Director of the Endocrine/Bone Disease Program, Saint Johns Cancer Institute at Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA; Clinical Professor of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
- 30 Professorial Lecturer, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Emeritus Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh.
- 31 CSO, ELPEN, Inc. & Director, Research Institute, Athens, Greece & Senior Investigator, Human Genetics & Precision Medicine, FORTH (ITE), Heraklion, Greece. Emeritus Scientific Director & Senior Investigator, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 32 Professor of Medicine, Emeritus, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- 33 Endowed Chair, Cardiovascular Health and Risk Prevention, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX
- PMID: 25905348
- Bookshelf ID: NBK279125
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Insult to the pituitary can be in the form of hemorrhage, infarction or both. When abrupt and sometimes catastrophic hemorrhagic infarction occurs in the pituitary it is defined as apoplexy. The constellation of headache, vomiting, visual impairment (Apoplexy Triad) and altered consciousness with hemodynamic instability, although not specific for pituitary apoplexy, are reasons to consider the diagnosis (Table 1). Often the presentation in this dramatic fashion is the first time the patient is aware that he/she harbors a pituitary tumor. Asymptomatic hemorrhage and infarct into a pituitary tumor can occur in 10-25% of patients, however true apoplexy (the constellation of symptoms noted above) occurs in 2-10% of pituitary tumor patients.
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