Review

46,XY Differences of Sexual Development

Sorahia Domenice¹, Rafael Loch Batista¹, Ivo J, P. Arnhold¹, Maria Helena Sircili², Elaine M. F. Costa¹, Berenice Bilharinho Mendonca³

Kenneth R Feingold¹, S. Faisal Ahmed², Bradley Anawalt³, Marc R Blackman⁴, Alison Boyce⁵, George Chrousos⁶, Emiliano Corpas⁷, Wouter W de Herder⁸, Ketan Dhatariya⁹, Kathleen Dungan¹⁰, Johannes Hofland¹¹, Sanjay Kalra¹², Gregory Kaltsas¹³, Nitin Kapoor¹⁴, Christian Koch¹⁵, Peter Kopp¹⁶, Márta Korbonits¹⁷, Christopher S Kovacs¹⁸, Wendy Kuohung¹⁹, Blandine Laferrère²⁰, Miles Levy²¹, Elizabeth A McGee²², Robert McLachlan²³, Radhika Muzumdar²⁴, Jonathan Purnell²⁵, Rodolfo Rey²⁶, Rakesh Sahay²⁷, Amy S Shah²⁸, Frederick Singer²⁹, Mark A Sperling³⁰, Constantine A Stratakis³¹, Dace L Trence³², Don P Wilson³³

, editors.

In: Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000.

2022 Aug 21.

Affiliations

¹ Assistant Professor of Endocrinology, Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular, LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil, Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics LIM/42, Division of Endocrinology, Clinical Hospital, Medical School, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
² Assistant Professor of Urology, Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular, LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil, Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics LIM/42, Division of Endocrinology, Clinical Hospital, Medical School, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
³ Head Professor of Endocrinology, Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular, LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil, Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics LIM/42, Division of Endocrinology, Clinical Hospital, Medical School, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Book Affiliations

¹ Professor of Medicine Emeritus, University of California, San Francisco, CA
² Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
³ Chief of Medicine at the University of Washington Medical Center and Professor and Vice Chair of the Department of Medicine, University of Washington
⁴ Sr. Physician Scientist, Washington DC VA Medical Center; Professor of Medicine & Rehabilitation Medicine, Georgetown University; Clinical Professor of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University; and Professor of Medicine (Part-time), Johns Hopkins University
⁵ Pediatric Endocrinologist and Associate Research Physician in the Skeletal Diseases and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health
⁶ Professor of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
⁷ M.D. Ph.D in Gerontology. Honorary Professor of Medicine, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid. Consultant in Endocrinology, Hospital HLA Guadalajara (Spain).
⁸ Professor of Endocrine Oncology, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
⁹ Consultant in Diabetes, Endocrinology and General Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
¹⁰ Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Ohio State University
¹¹ Consultant Endocrinologist, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
¹² Consultant Endocrinologist, Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal, India
¹³ Professor of General Medicine-Endocrinology, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
¹⁴ Professor of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
¹⁵ Professor, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
¹⁶ Professor of Medicine and Chief of the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
¹⁷ Professor of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Centre Lead for Endocrinology and Deputy Institute Director, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England
¹⁸ University Research Professor and Professor of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Obstetrics & Gynecology, and BioMedical Sciences, at Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada.
¹⁹ Director of the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology at Boston Medical Center and an Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Boston University School of Medicine
²⁰ Professor of Medicine, New York Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
²¹ Consultant endocrinologist at University Hospitals of Leicester and Honorary Associate Professor at Leicester University
²² Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Vermont and Director of the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. Burlington, Vermont
²³ Director of Clinical Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research; Consultant Endocrinologist, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia
²⁴ Allan L. Drash Endowed Chair, Chief, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Professor of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
²⁵ Professor of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute and the Division of Endocrinology, and Associate Director, Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition and Wellness, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
²⁶ Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330, C1425EFD Buenos Aires; and Departamento de Histología, Biología Celular, Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
²⁷ Professor and Head of Department of Endocrinology, Osmania Medical College and Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad, India.
²⁸ Professor of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati, Department of Pediatrics and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati, OH, USA
²⁹ Director of the Endocrine/Bone Disease Program, Saint Johns Cancer Institute at Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA; Clinical Professor of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
³⁰ Professorial Lecturer, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Emeritus Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh.
³¹ CSO, ELPEN, Inc. & Director, Research Institute, Athens, Greece & Senior Investigator, Human Genetics & Precision Medicine, FORTH (ITE), Heraklion, Greece. Emeritus Scientific Director & Senior Investigator, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
³² Professor of Medicine, Emeritus, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
³³ Endowed Chair, Cardiovascular Health and Risk Prevention, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX

PMID: 25905393
Bookshelf ID: NBK279170

Free Books & Documents

Review

46,XY Differences of Sexual Development

Sorahia Domenice et al.

Free Books & Documents

In: Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000.

2022 Aug 21.

Authors

Sorahia Domenice¹, Rafael Loch Batista¹, Ivo J, P. Arnhold¹, Maria Helena Sircili², Elaine M. F. Costa¹, Berenice Bilharinho Mendonca³

Book Editors

Affiliations

¹ Assistant Professor of Endocrinology, Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular, LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil, Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics LIM/42, Division of Endocrinology, Clinical Hospital, Medical School, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
² Assistant Professor of Urology, Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular, LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil, Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics LIM/42, Division of Endocrinology, Clinical Hospital, Medical School, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
³ Head Professor of Endocrinology, Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular, LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil, Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics LIM/42, Division of Endocrinology, Clinical Hospital, Medical School, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Book Affiliations

¹ Professor of Medicine Emeritus, University of California, San Francisco, CA
² Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
³ Chief of Medicine at the University of Washington Medical Center and Professor and Vice Chair of the Department of Medicine, University of Washington
⁴ Sr. Physician Scientist, Washington DC VA Medical Center; Professor of Medicine & Rehabilitation Medicine, Georgetown University; Clinical Professor of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University; and Professor of Medicine (Part-time), Johns Hopkins University
⁵ Pediatric Endocrinologist and Associate Research Physician in the Skeletal Diseases and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health
⁶ Professor of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
⁷ M.D. Ph.D in Gerontology. Honorary Professor of Medicine, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid. Consultant in Endocrinology, Hospital HLA Guadalajara (Spain).
⁸ Professor of Endocrine Oncology, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
⁹ Consultant in Diabetes, Endocrinology and General Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
¹⁰ Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Ohio State University
¹¹ Consultant Endocrinologist, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
¹² Consultant Endocrinologist, Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal, India
¹³ Professor of General Medicine-Endocrinology, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
¹⁴ Professor of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
¹⁵ Professor, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
¹⁶ Professor of Medicine and Chief of the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
¹⁷ Professor of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Centre Lead for Endocrinology and Deputy Institute Director, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England
¹⁸ University Research Professor and Professor of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Obstetrics & Gynecology, and BioMedical Sciences, at Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada.
¹⁹ Director of the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology at Boston Medical Center and an Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Boston University School of Medicine
²⁰ Professor of Medicine, New York Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
²¹ Consultant endocrinologist at University Hospitals of Leicester and Honorary Associate Professor at Leicester University
²² Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Vermont and Director of the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. Burlington, Vermont
²³ Director of Clinical Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research; Consultant Endocrinologist, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia
²⁴ Allan L. Drash Endowed Chair, Chief, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Professor of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
²⁵ Professor of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute and the Division of Endocrinology, and Associate Director, Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition and Wellness, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
²⁶ Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330, C1425EFD Buenos Aires; and Departamento de Histología, Biología Celular, Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
²⁷ Professor and Head of Department of Endocrinology, Osmania Medical College and Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad, India.
²⁸ Professor of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati, Department of Pediatrics and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati, OH, USA
²⁹ Director of the Endocrine/Bone Disease Program, Saint Johns Cancer Institute at Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA; Clinical Professor of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
³⁰ Professorial Lecturer, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Emeritus Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh.
³¹ CSO, ELPEN, Inc. & Director, Research Institute, Athens, Greece & Senior Investigator, Human Genetics & Precision Medicine, FORTH (ITE), Heraklion, Greece. Emeritus Scientific Director & Senior Investigator, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
³² Professor of Medicine, Emeritus, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
³³ Endowed Chair, Cardiovascular Health and Risk Prevention, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX

PMID: 25905393
Bookshelf ID: NBK279170

Excerpt

The 46,XY differences of sex development (46,XY DSD) can result either from decreased synthesis of testosterone and/or DHT or from impairment of androgen action. 46,XY DSD are characterized by micropenis, atypical or female external genitalia, caused by incomplete intrauterine masculinization with or without the presence of Müllerian structures. Male gonads are identified in the majority of 46,XY DSD patients, but in some of them no gonadal tissue is found. Complete absence of virilization results in normal female external genitalia and these patients generally seek medical attention at pubertal age, due to the absence of breast development and/or primary amenorrhea. A careful clinical evaluation of the neonate is essential because most DSD patients could be recognized in this period and prompt diagnosis allows a better therapeutic approach. Family and prenatal history, complete physical examination and assessment of genital anatomy are the first steps for a correct diagnosis. The diagnostic evaluation of DSD includes hormone measurements (assessment of Leydig and Sertoli cell function), imaging (ultrasonography is always the first and often the most valuable imaging modality in DSD patients’ investigation), cytogenetic, and molecular studies. Endoscopic and laparoscopic exploitation and/or gonadal biopsy are required in very few cases. Psychological evaluation is of crucial importance to treat DSD patients. Every couple that has a child with atypical genitalia must be assessed and receive counseling by an experienced psychologist, specialized in gender identity, who must act as soon as the diagnosis is suspected, and then follow the family periodically, more frequently during the periods before and after genitoplasty. Parents must be well informed by the physician and psychologist about normal sexual development. A simple, detailed, and comprehensive explanation about what to expect regarding integration in social life, sexual activity, need of hormonal and surgical treatment and the likely possibility or not of fertility according to the sex of rearing, should also be discussed with the parents before the assignment of final social sex. Optimal care of DSD patients begins in the newborn period and sometimes in prenatal life and requires a multidisciplinary team. Most of the well-treated DSD patients present a normal quality of life in adulthood. For complete coverage of all related areas of Endocrinology, please visit our on-line FREE web-text, WWW.ENDOTEXT.ORG.

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References

1. Donahoe PK, Schnitzer JJ. Evaluation of the infant who has ambiguous genitalia, and principles of operative management. Semin Pediatr Surg. 1996;5(1):30–40. - PubMed
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46,XY Differences of Sexual Development

Affiliations

Book Affiliations

46,XY Differences of Sexual Development

Authors

Book Editors

Affiliations

Book Affiliations

Excerpt

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References

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LinkOut - more resources

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