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Meta-Analysis
. 2015 Apr 28;2015(4):CD003262.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003262.pub5.

Interventions for rosacea

Esther J van Zuuren  1 , Zbys Fedorowicz, Ben Carter, Mireille M D van der Linden, Lyn Charland
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions for rosacea

Esther J van Zuuren et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Rosacea is a common chronic skin condition affecting the face, characterised by flushing, redness, pimples, pustules and dilated blood vessels. The eyes are often involved and thickening of the skin with enlargement (phymas), especially of the nose, can occur in some people. A range of treatment options are available but it is unclear which are most effective.

Objectives: To assess the efficacy and safety of treatments for rosacea.

Search methods: We updated our searches, to July 2014, of: the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL in The Cochrane Library (2014, Issue 6), MEDLINE (from 1946), EMBASE (from 1974) and Science Citation Index (from 1988). We searched five trials registers and checked reference lists for further relevant studies.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials in people with moderate to severe rosacea.

Data collection and analysis: Study selection, data extraction, risk of bias assessment and analyses were carried out independently by two authors.

Main results: We included 106 studies, comprising 13,631 participants. Sample sizes of 30-100 and study duration of two to three months were most common. More women than men were included, mean age of 48.6 years, and the majority had papulopustular rosacea, followed by erythematotelangiectatic rosacea.A wide range of comparisons (67) were evaluated. Topical interventions: metronidazole, azelaic acid, ivermectin, brimonidine or other topical treatments. Systemic interventions: oral antibiotics, combinations with topical treatments or other systemic treatments, i.e. isotretinoin. Several studies evaluated laser or light-based treatment.The majority of studies (57/106) were assessed as 'unclear risk of bias', 37 'high risk ' and 12 'low risk'. Twenty-two studies provided no usable or retrievable data i.e. none of our outcomes were addressed, no separate data reported for rosacea or limited data in abstracts.Eleven studies assessed our primary outcome 'change in quality of life', 52 studies participant-assessed changes in rosacea severity and almost all studies addressed adverse events, although often only limited data were provided. In most comparisons there were no statistically significant differences in number of adverse events, most were mild and transient. Physician assessments including investigators' global assessments, lesion counts and erythema were evaluated in three-quarters of the studies, but time needed for improvement and duration of remission were incompletely or not reported.The quality of the body of evidence was rated moderate to high for most outcomes, but for some outcomes low to very low.Data for several outcomes could only be pooled for topical metronidazole and azelaic acid. Both were shown to be more effective than placebo in papulopustular rosacea (moderate quality evidence for metronidazole and high for azelaic acid). Pooled data from physician assessments in three trials demonstrated that metronidazole was more effective compared to placebo (risk ratio (RR) 1.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29 to 3.02). Four trials provided data on participants' assessments, illustrating that azelaic acid was more effective than placebo (RR 1.46, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.63). The results from three studies were contradictory on which of these two treatments was most effective.Two studies showed a statistically significant and clinically important improvement in favour of topical ivermectin when compared to placebo (high quality evidence). Participants' assessments in these studies showed a RR of 1.78 (95% CI 1.50 to 2.11) and RR of 1.92 (95% CI 1.59 to 2.32),which were supported by physicians' assessments. Topical ivermectin appeared to be slightly more effective than topical metronidazole for papulopustular rosacea, based on one study, for improving quality of life and participant and physician assessed outcomes (high quality evidence for these outcomes).Topical brimonidine in two studies was more effective than vehicle in reducing erythema in rosacea at all time points over 12 hours (high quality evidence). At three hours the participants' assessments had a RR of 2.21 (95% CI 1.52 to 3.22) and RR of 2.00 (95% CI 1.33 to 3.01) in favour of brimonidine. Physicians' assessments confirmed these data. There was no rebound or worsening of erythema after treatment cessation.Topical clindamycin phosphate combined with tretinoin was not considered to be effective compared to placebo (moderate quality evidence).Topical ciclosporin ophthalmic emulsion demonstrated effectiveness and improved quality of life for people with ocular rosacea (low quality evidence).Of the comparisons assessing oral treatments for papulopustular rosacea there was moderate quality evidence that tetracycline was effective but this was based on two old studies of short duration. Physician-based assessments in two trials indicated that doxycycline appeared to be significantly more effective than placebo (RR 1.59, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.47 and RR 2.37, 95% CI 1.12 to 4.99) (high quality evidence). There was no statistically significant difference in effectiveness between 100 mg and 40 mg doxycycline, but there was evidence of fewer adverse effects with the lower dose (RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.54) (low quality evidence). There was very low quality evidence from one study (assessed at high risk of bias) that doxycycline 100 mg was as effective as azithromycin. Low dose minocycline (45 mg) was effective for papulopustular rosacea (low quality evidence).Oral tetracycline was compared with topical metronidazole in four studies and showed no statistically significant difference between the two treatments for any outcome (low to moderate quality evidence).Low dose isotretinoin was considered by both the participants (RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.43) and physicians (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.36) to be slightly more effective than doxycycline 50-100 mg (high quality evidence).Pulsed dye laser was more effective than yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser based on one study, and it appeared to be as effective as intense pulsed light therapy (both low quality evidence).

Authors' conclusions: There was high quality evidence to support the effectiveness of topical azelaic acid, topical ivermectin, brimonidine, doxycycline and isotretinoin for rosacea. Moderate quality evidence was available for topical metronidazole and oral tetracycline. There was low quality evidence for low dose minocycline, laser and intense pulsed light therapy and ciclosporin ophthalmic emulsion for ocular rosacea. Time needed to response and response duration should be addressed more completely, with more rigorous reporting of adverse events. Further studies on treatment of ocular rosacea are warranted.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no declarations of interest.

Joel Bamford who is a clinical referee on this updated review said, 'I am one author of two studies included: Bamford 1999 and Bamford 2012 and two studies referenced: Bamford 2004 and Bamford 2006'.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Topical metronidazole versus placebo, Outcome 1 Adverse events.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Topical metronidazole versus placebo, Outcome 2 Physician's global evaluation of improvement.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Topical azelaic acid versus placebo, Outcome 1 Participant‐assessed improvement of rosacea.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Topical azelaic acid versus placebo, Outcome 2 Physician's global evaluation of improvement.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Comment in

  • Interventions for Rosacea.
    van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z. van Zuuren EJ, et al. JAMA. 2015 Dec 8;314(22):2403-4. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.15287. JAMA. 2015. PMID: 26647262

References

References to studies included in this review

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Huang 2014 {published data only}
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    1. Huang EY, Nardo A, Preson NJ, Gallo RL, Gottschalk RW. Multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled evaluation of rosacea related inflammatory biomarkers in papulopustular rosacea adults treated with doxycycline 40 mg modified release. 72nd Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology Denver, CO United States. Conference Start: 20140321 Conference End: 20140325. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2014;70(5 Suppl 1):AB9. [EMBASE: 71390129]
Jackson 2013 {published data only}
    1. Jackson JM, Kircik LH, Lorenz DJ. Efficacy of extended‐release 45 mg oral minocycline and extended‐release 45 mg oral minocycline plus 15% azelaic acid in the treatment of acne rosacea. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2013;12(3):292‐8. [PUBMED: 23545911] - PubMed
Jorizzo 1998 {published data only}
    1. Jorizzo JL, Lebwohl M, Tobey RE. The efficacy of metronidazole 1% cream once daily compared with metronidazole 1% cream twice daily and their vehicles in rosacea: a double blind clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1998;39(3):502‐4. [UI: 98409174; PUBMED: 9738794] - PubMed
Karsai 2008 {published data only}
    1. Karsai S, Roos S, Raulin C. Treatment of facial telangiectasia using a dual‐wavelength laser system (595 and 1,064 nm): a randomized controlled trial with blinded response evaluation. Dermatologic Surgery 2008;34(5):702‐8. [PUBMED: 18318728] - PubMed
Kendall 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kendall J, Winkelman W. A comparison of 3 assessments in the treatment of rosacea in the context of a comparative effectiveness study. ISPOR 19th Annual International Meeting Montreal, QC Canada. Conference Start: 20140531 Conference End: 20140604. Value in Health 2014;17(3):A181‐2. [EMBASE: 71488504]
Kim 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kim TG, Roh HJ, Cho SB, Lee JH, Lee SJ, Oh SH. Enhancing effect of pretreatment with topical niacin in the treatment of rosacea‐associated erythema by 585‐nm pulsed dye laser in Koreans: A randomized, prospective, split‐face trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2011; Vol. 38, issue 5:510‐3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10174.x.; PUBMED: 21143465] - DOI - PubMed
Koca 2010 {published data only}
    1. Koca R, Altinyazar HC, Ankarali H, Muhtar S, Tekin NS, Cinar S. A comparison of metronidazole 1% cream and pimecrolimus 1% cream in the treatment of patients with papulopustular rosacea: a randomized open‐label clinical trial. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 2010;35(3):251‐6. [PUBMED: 19594764] - PubMed
Koçak 2002 {published data only}
    1. Koçak M, Yagli S, Vahapoglu G, Eksioglu M. Permethrin 5% cream versus metronidazole 0.75% gel for the treatment of papulopustular rosacea. Dermatology 2002;205(3):265‐70. [PUBMED: 12399675] - PubMed
Koch 1999 {published data only}
    1. Koch R, Wilbrand G. Dark sulfonated shale oil versus placebo in the systemic treatment of rosacea [P‐011]. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venerology 1999;12(32 Suppl):S143‐4.
Lebwohl 1995 {published data only}
    1. Lebwohl MG, Medansky RS, Russo CL, Plott RT. The comparative efficacy of sodium sulfacetamide 10%/sulfur 5% (Sulfacet‐R) lotion and metronidazole 0.75% (Metrogel) in the treatment of rosacea. Journal of Geriatric Dermatology 1995;3(5):183‐5.
Leyden 2011 {published data only}
    1. Leyden JJ. Efficacy of a novel rosacea treatment system: an investigator‐blind, randomized, parallel‐group study. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2011;10(10):1179‐85. [PUBMED: 21968669] - PubMed
Leyden 2014 {published data only}
    1. Leyden JJ. Randomized, phase 2, dose‐ranging study in the treatment of rosacea with encapsulated benzoyl peroxide gel. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2014;13(6):685‐8. [PUBMED: 24918558] - PubMed
Luger 2015 {published data only}
    1. Luger T, Peukert N, Rother M. A multicentre, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial establishing the treatment effect of TDT 068, a topical formulation containing drug‐free ultra‐deformable phospholipid vesicles, on the primary features of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2015; Vol. 29, issue 2:283‐90. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12520; PUBMED: 24754379] - DOI - PubMed
Lupin 2014 {published data only}
    1. Lupin M. Evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of microfocused ultrasound with visualization (MFU‐V) for the treatment of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. 72nd Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology Denver, CO United States. Conference Start: 20140321 Conference End: 20140325. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2014;70(5 Suppl 1):AB43. [EMBASE: 71390263]
Maddin 1999 {published data only}
    1. Maddin S. A comparison of topical azelaic acid 20% cream and topical metronidazole 0.75% cream in the treatment of patients with papulopustular rosacea. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1999;40(6 Pt 1):961‐5. [UI: 99292050; PUBMED: 10365928] - PubMed
Marks 1971 {published data only}
    1. Marks R, Ellis J. Comparative effectiveness of tetracycline and ampicillin in rosacea: a controlled trial. Lancet 1971;2(7733):1049‐52. [UI: 72022755; PUBMED: 4106909] - PubMed
Monk 1991 {published data only}
    1. Monk BE, Logan RA, Cook J, White JE, Mason RBS. Topical metronidazole in the treatment of rosacea. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1991;2(3):91‐3. [EMBASE: 1991353230]
Montes 1983 {published data only}
    1. Montes LF, Cordero AA, Kriner J, Loder J, Flanagan AD. Topical treatment of acne rosacea with benzoyl peroxide acetone gel. Cutis 1983;32(2):185‐90. [PUBMED: 6225627] - PubMed
Mostafa 2009 {published data only}
    1. Mostafa FF, Harras MA, Gomaa SM, Al Mokadem S, Nassar AA, Abdel Gawad EH. Comparative study of some treatment modalities of rosacea. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2009;23(1):22‐8. [PUBMED: 18705632] - PubMed
NCT00249782 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00249782. A phase II, randomized, partial‐blind, parallel‐group, active‐ and vehicle‐controlled, multicenter study of the safety and efficacy of ACZONE™ (dapsone) gel, 5% in subjects with papulopustular rosacea. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00249782 (accessed 19 July 2014).
NCT01426269 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01426269. Evaluation of relapse, efficacy and safety of long‐term treatment with Oracea® capsules compared to placebo after an initial 12 week treatment regimen with Oracea® and MetroGel® 1% in adults with rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01426269 (accessed 21 July 2014).
NCT01449591 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01449591. A proof of concept (PoC) study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of 12 week administration of BFH772 ointment in rosacea patients. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01449591 (accessed 19 July 2014).
NCT01885000 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01885000. Patient‐Reported Outcome of facial erythema (PROOF). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01885000 (accessed 21 July 2014).
Neuhaus 2009 {published data only}
    1. Neuhaus IM, Zane LT, Tope WD. Comparative efficacy of nonpurpuragenic pulsed dye laser and intense pulsed light for erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. Dermatologic Surgery 2009;35(6):920‐8. [PUBMED: 19397667] - PubMed
Nielsen 1983a {published data only}
    1. Nielsen PG. Treatment of rosacea with 1% metronidazole cream. A double‐blind study. British Journal of Dermatology 1983;108(3):327‐32. [PUBMED: 6219689] - PubMed
Nielsen 1983b {published data only}
    1. Nielsen PG. A double‐blind study of 1% metronidazole cream versus systemic oxytetracycline therapy for rosacea. British Journal of Dermatology 1983;109(1):63‐5. [UI: 83231308; PUBMED: 6222756] - PubMed
Nymann 2010 {published data only}
    1. Nymann P, Hedelund L, Haedersdal M. Long‐pulsed dye laser vs. intense pulsed light for the treatment of facial telangiectasias: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2010;24(2):143‐6. [PUBMED: 20205349] - PubMed
Pye 1976 {published data only}
    1. Pye RJ, Burton JL. Treatment of rosacea by metronidazole. Lancet 1976;1(7971):1211‐2. [UI: 76195079; PUBMED: 58258] - PubMed
Rehmus 2006 {published data only}
    1. Rehmus W, Kim J. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of a natural anti‐inflammatory for treatment of rosacea. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2006;54(3 Suppl):AB64.
Rigopoulos 2005 {published data only}
    1. Rigopoulos D, Kalogeromitros D, Gregoriou S, Pacouret JM, Koch C, Fisher N, et al. Randomized placebo‐controlled trial of a flavonoid‐rich plant extract‐based cream in the treatment of rosacea. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2005;19(5):564‐8. [PUBMED: 16164709] - PubMed
Rodríguez 2003 {published data only}
    1. Rodríguez Acar M, Medina Hernández E. A comparative, double‐blind study about efficacy and safety of crotamiton vs benzyl benzoate in the treatment of rosacea with demodecidosis [Estudio doble ciego, comparativo, sobre la eficacia y seguridad del crotamitón versus benzoato de bencilo en el tratamiento de la rosácea con demodecidosis]. Dermatología Revista Mexicana 2003;47(3):126‐30. [EMBASE: 2007502703]
Saihan 1980 {published data only}
    1. Saihan EM, Burton JL. A double‐blind trial of metronidazole versus oxytetracycline therapy for rosacea. British Journal of Dermatology 1980;102(4):443‐5. [PUBMED: 6446314] - PubMed
Salem 2013 {published data only}
    1. Salem DA, El‐Shazly A, Nabih N, El‐Bayoumy Y, Saleh S. Evaluation of the efficacy of oral ivermectin in comparison with ivermectin‐metronidazole combined therapy in the treatment of ocular and skin lesions of Demodex folliculorum. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2013;17(5):343‐7. [PUBMED: 23294870] - PubMed
Sanchez 2005 {published data only}
    1. Sanchez J, Somolinos AL, Almodóvar PI, Webster G, Bradshaw M, Powala C. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of the combined effect of doxycycline hyclate 20‐mg tablets and metronidazole 0.75% topical lotion in the treatment of rosacea. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2005;53(5):791‐7. [PUBMED: 16243127] - PubMed
    1. Sanchez JL, Somolinos A, Webster G, Bradshaw M. Combined effect of doxycycline hyclate 20 mg tablets and metronidazole 0.75% topical lotion in the treatment of rosacea. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2004;50(3):48. - PubMed
Sauder 1997 {published data only}
    1. Sauder DN, Miller R, Gratton D, Danby W, Griffiths C, Philips SB. The treatment of rosacea: the safety and efficacy of sodium sulfacetamide 10% and sulfur 5% lotion (Novacet) is demonstrated in a double‐blind study. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1997;8(2):79‐85. [EMBASE: 1997242784]
Schachter 1991 {published data only}
    1. Schachter D, Schachter RK, Long B, Shiffman N, Lester R, Miller S, et al. Comparison of metronidazole 1% cream versus oral tetracycline in patients with rosacea. Drug Investigation 1991;3(4):220‐4. [EMBASE: 1991314872]
Schechter 2009 {published data only}
    1. Schechter BA, Katz RS, Friedman LS. Efficacy of topical cyclosporine for the treatment of ocular rosacea. Advances in Therapy 2009;26(6):651‐9. [PUBMED: 19551353] - PubMed
Seité 2013 {published data only}
    1. Seité S, Benech F, Berdah S, Bayer M, Veyrat S, Segot E, et al. Management of rosacea‐prone skin: evaluation of a skincare product containing Ambophenol, Neurosensine, and La Roche‐Posay Thermal spring water as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2013;12(8):920‐4. [EMBASE: 2013521246] - PubMed
Sharquie 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sharquie KE, Najim RA, Al‐Salman HN. Oral zinc sulfate in the treatment of rosacea: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. International Journal of Dermatology 2006;45(7):857‐61. [PUBMED: 16863527] - PubMed
Sneddon 1966 {published data only}
    1. Sneddon IB. A clinical trial of tetracycline in rosacea. British Journal of Dermatology 1966;78(12):649‐52. [PUBMED: 4224811] - PubMed
Stein 2014a {published data only}
    1. Stein L, Kircik L, Fowler J, Tan J, Draelos Z, Fleischer A, et al. Efficacy and safety of ivermectin 1% cream in treatment of papulopustular rosacea: results of two randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled pivotal studies. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2014;13(3):316‐23. [PUBMED: 24595578] - PubMed
Stein 2014b {published data only}
    1. Stein L, Kircik L, Fowler J, Tan J, Draelos Z, Fleischer A, et al. Efficacy and safety of ivermectin 1% cream in treatment of papulopustular rosacea: results of two randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled pivotal studies. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2014;13(3):316‐23. [PUBMED: 24595578] - PubMed
Taieb 2015 {published data only}
    1. Taieb A, Ortonne JP, Ruzicka T, Roszkiewicz J, Berth‐Jones J, Peirone MH, et al. Superiority of ivermectin 1% cream over metronidazole 0.75% cream in treating inflammatory lesions of rosacea: a randomized, investigator‐blinded trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2015; Vol. 172, issue 4:1103‐10. [PUBMED: 25228137] - PubMed
Tan 2002 {published data only}
    1. Tan JKL, Girard C, Krol A, Murray HE, Papp KA, Poulin Y, et al. Randomized placebo‐controlled trial of metronidazole 1% cream with sunscreen SPF 15 in treatment of rosacea. Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 2002;6(6):529‐34. [PUBMED: 12001006] - PubMed
Thiboutot 2003a {published data only}
    1. Thiboutot D, Thieroff‐Ekerdt R, Graupe K. Efficacy and safety of azelaic acid (15%) gel as a new treatment for papulopustular rosacea: Results from 2 vehicle‐controlled, randomized phase III studies. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2003;48(6):836‐45. [PUBMED: 12789172] - PubMed
Thiboutot 2003b {published data only}
    1. Thiboutot D, Thieroff‐Ekerdt R, Graupe K. Efficacy and safety of azelaic acid (15%) gel as a new treatment for papulopustular rosacea: Results from 2 vehicle‐controlled, randomized phase III studies. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2003;48(6):836‐45. [PUBMED: 12789172] - PubMed
Thiboutot 2005 {published data only}
    1. Thiboutot D. Efficacy and safety of subantimicrobial‐dose doxycycline for the treatment of rosacea. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2005;52(3 Suppl 1):17.
Thiboutot 2008 {published data only}
    1. Thiboutot DM, Fleisher AB, Rosso JQ, Graupe K. Azelaic acid 15% gel once daily versus twice daily in papulopustular rosacea. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2008;7(6):541‐6. [PUBMED: 18561584 ] - PubMed
Thiboutot 2009 {published data only}
    1. Thiboutot DM, Fleischer AB, Rosso JQ, Rich PH. A Multicenter study of topical azelaic acid 15% gel in combination with oral doxycycline as initial therapy and azelaic acid 15% gel as maintenance therapy. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2009;8(7):639‐48. [PUBMED: 19588640] - PubMed
Tirnaksiz 2012 {published data only}
    1. Tirnaksiz F, Kayiş A, Çelebi N, Adişen E, Erel A. Preparation and evaluation of topical microemulsion system containing metronidazole for remission in rosacea. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2012;60(5):583‐92. [PUBMED: 22689395] - PubMed
Torok 2005 {published data only}
    1. Torok HM, Webster G, Dunlap FE, Egan N, Jarratt M, Stewart D. Combination sodium sulfacetamide 10% and sulfur 5% cream with sunscreens versus metronidazole 0.75% cream for rosacea. Cutis 2005;75(6):357‐63. [PUBMED: 16047874] - PubMed
Two 2014 {published data only}
    1. Two AM, Hata TR, Nakatsuji T, Coda AB, Kotol PF, Wu W, et al. Reduction in serine protease activity correlates with improved rosacea severity in a small, randomized pilot study of a topical serine protease inhibitor. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2014;134(4):1143‐5. [PUBMED: 24213369] - PMC - PubMed
Utaş 1997 {published data only}
    1. Utaş S, Ünver Ü. Treatment of rosacea with ketoconazole. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 1997;8(1):69‐70. [EMBASE: 1997013740]
Van Landuyt 1997 {published data only}
    1. Landuyt H, Joubert‐Lequain I, Humbert P, Lucas A, Drobacheff C, Mercier M, et al. Treatment of rosacea. Clonidine (0.075 mg per day) versus placebo (initial results) [Traitement de la rosacée]. Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie 1997;124(10):729. [PUBMED: 9740876] - PubMed
Veien 1986 {published data only}
    1. Veien NK, Christiansen JV, Hjorth N, Schmidt H. Topical metronidazole in the treatment of rosacea. Cutis 1986;38:209‐10. [PUBMED: 2945705] - PubMed
Verea Hernando 1992 {published data only}
    1. Verea Hernando M, Margusino Framiñán L, Seco Vilariño C, Feal Cortizas B, Cuña Estévez B. Comparative study of topical erythromycin and topical metronidazole in the treatment of rosacea [Estudio comparativo entre eritromicina tópica y metronidazol tópico en el tratamiento de la rosácea]. Farmacia Clinica 1992;9(6):472‐9. [EMBASE: 1992280716]
Weissenbacher 2007 {published data only}
    1. Weissenbacher S, Merkl J, Hildebrandt B, Wollenberg A, Braeutigam M, Ring J, et al. Pimecrolimus cream 1% for papulopustular rosacea: a randomized vehicle‐controlled double‐blind trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2007;156(4):728‐32. [PUBMED: 17493072] - PubMed
Wilkin 1989 {published data only}
    1. Wilkin JK. Effect of nadolol on flushing reactions in rosacea. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1989;20(2 Pt 1):202‐5. [PUBMED: 2521641] - PubMed
Wilkin 1993 {published data only}
    1. Witt S, Wilkin JK. Double blind, parallel study of efficacy and safety of clindamycin lotion in the treatment of rosacea. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1987;41(2):176.
    1. Wilkin JK, Witt S. Treatment of rosacea: topical clindamycin versus oral tetracycline. International Journal of Dermatology 1993;32(1):65‐7. [UI: 93146772; PUBMED: 8425809] - PubMed
Wittpenn 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Wittpenn JR, Schechter B. Efficacy of cyclosporine a for the treatment of ocular rosacea. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2005;46:E‐Abstract 2846.
Wolf 2006 {published data only}
    1. Wolf JE Jr, Kerrouche N, Arsonnaud S. Efficacy and safety of once‐daily metronidazole 1% gel compared with twice‐daily azelaic acid 15% gel in the treatment of rosacea. Cutis 2006;77(4 Suppl):3‐11. [PUBMED: 16706244] - PubMed
Yoo 2011 {published data only}
    1. Yoo J, Marmur E, Frankel AL, Chaarani J, Turner R, Singer G. Combination therapy for the treatment of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. Lasers in Surgery & Medicine 2011;43 Suppl 23:918.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aitken 1983 {published data only}
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Bartholomew 1982 {published data only}
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Beridze 2005 {published data only}
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Bernstein 1982 {published data only}
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Bjerke 1989a {published data only}
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Cunliffe 1977 {published data only}
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Del Rosso 2004 {published data only}
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Dereli 2005 {published data only}
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Draelos 2005 {published data only}
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Erdogan 1998 {published data only}
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Fernandez‐Obregon 2004 {published data only}
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Fleischer 2005 {published data only}
    1. Fleischer A, Suephy C. The face and mind evaluation study: An examination of the efficacy of rosacea treatment using physician ratings and patients' self‐reported quality of life. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2005;4(5):585‐90. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Freeman 2012 {published data only}
    1. Freeman SA, Moon SD, Spencer JM. Clindamycin phosphate 1.2% and tretinoin 0.025% gel for rosacea: summary of a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2012;11(12):1410‐4. [PUBMED: 23377509] - PubMed
Frigerio 1969 {published data only}
    1. Frigerio G, Mazzoni P, Ferrari V. Dimensions of the sample and power of clinical experimentation in a study of antibiotic therapy [Dimensioni del camione e potenza dell' esperimento clinico in una ricerca di terapia antibiotica]. Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico 1969;108(8):506‐14. - PubMed
Frucht‐Pery 1993 {published data only}
    1. Frucht‐Pery J, Sagi E, Hemo I, Ever‐Hadani P. Efficacy of doxycycline and tetracycline in ocular rosacea. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1993;116(1):88‐92. [UI: 93318953; PUBMED: 8328549] - PubMed
Garg 2008 {published data only}
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Gedik 2005 {published data only}
    1. Gedik GK, Karaduman A, Sivri B, Caner B. Has Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy any effect on severity of rosacea symptoms?. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2005;19(3):398‐9. [PUBMED: 15857486] - PubMed
Go 1976 {published data only}
    1. Go MJ, Wuite J. Comparative study of triamcinolone acetonide and hydrocortisone 17‐butyrate in rosacea with special regard to rebound phenomenon. Dermatologica 1976;152(1 Suppl):239‐46. [PUBMED: 133841] - PubMed
Goldsmith 1989 {published data only}
    1. Goldsmith MF. New topical therapy for acne rosacea offers conspicuous improvement, no systemic effects. JAMA 1989;261(14):2014‐5. [PUBMED: 2522563] - PubMed
Hofer 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hofer T. Continuous 'microdose' isotretinoin in adult recalcitrant rosacea. Clinical & Experimental Dermatology 2004;29(2):204‐5. [PUBMED: 14987287] - PubMed
Irvine 1988 {published data only}
    1. Irvine C, Kumar P, Marks R. Isotretinoin in the treatment of rosacea and rhinophyma. Acne and related disorders ‐ Proceedings of an international symposium. London, 1988:301‐5.
Jackson 2007 {published data only}
    1. Jackson M. Combined effect of anti‐inflammatory dose doxycycline and azelaic acid gel 15% in the treatment of rosacea. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2007;56(2 Suppl 2):AB19. - PubMed
Karabulut 2008 {published data only}
    1. Karabulut AA, Izol Serel B, Eksioglu HM. A randomized, single‐blind, placebo‐controlled, split‐face study with pimecrolimus cream 1% for papulopustular rosacea. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2008;22(6):729‐34. [PUBMED: 18328059] - PubMed
Koçak‐Altintas 2005 {published data only}
    1. Koçak‐Altintas AG, Koçak‐Midillioglu I, Gul U, Bilezickci B, Isiksacan O, Duman S. Effects of topical metranidazole in ocular rosacea. Annals of Ophthalmology 2005;37(2):77‐84. [EMBASE: 2005358977]
Laquieze 2007 {published data only}
    1. Laquieze S, Czernielewski J, Baltas E. Beneficial use of Cetaphil moisturizing cream as part of a daily skin care regimen for individuals with rosacea. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2007;18(3):158‐62. [PUBMED: 17538804] - PubMed
Lee 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lee DH, Li K, Suh DH. Pimecrolimus 1% cream for the treatment of steroid‐induced rosacea: An 8‐week split‐face clinical trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2008;158(5):1069‐76. [PUBMED: 18363758] - PubMed
Liu 2006 {published data only}
    1. Liu RH, Smith MK, Basta SA, Farmer ER. Azelaic acid in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Archives of Dermatology 2006;142(8):1047‐52. [PUBMED: 16924055] - PubMed
Loo 2004 {published data only}
    1. Loo WJ, Ayyalaraju A, Chawla M, Finlay AY, Coles EC, Marks R. Ivermectin cream in rosacea: Comparison with metronidazole gel. British Journal of Dermatology 2004;151(68):61.
Määttä 2006 {published data only}
    1. Määttä M, Kari O, Tervahartiala T, Wahlgren J, Peltonen S, Kari M, et al. Elevated expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase 8 in tear fluid in atopic blepharoconjunctivitis. Cornea 2008;27(3):297‐301. [PUBMED: 18362656 ] - PubMed
Maxwell 2010 {published data only}
    1. Maxwell EL, Ellis DA, Manis H. Acne rosacea: Effectiveness of 532 nm laser on the cosmetic appearance of the skin. Journal of Otolaryngology ‐ Head & Neck Surgery 2010;39(3):292‐6. [PUBMED: 20470675] - PubMed
Meekin 2008 {published data only}
    1. Meekin TO, Lertzman BH, Hahn HH, Arcara K. Randomized study of intense pulsed light and pulsed dye laser in the treatment of facial telangiectasia. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2008;40 Suppl 20:25.
Mraz 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mraz S, Beutner K. The combination of metronidazole gel and sodium sulfacetamide cleanser is efficacious and well‐tolerated by rosacea patients [P114]. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2008;58(2 Suppl 2):AB14.
Nasir 1985 {published data only}
    1. Nasir MA. Treatment of rosacea with tetracycline and metronidazole ‐ A comparative study. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 1985;35(5):148‐9. [PUBMED: 3160868] - PubMed
Nielsen 1983 {published data only}
    1. Nielsen PG. The relapse rate for rosacea after treatment with either oral tetracycline or metronidazole cream. British Journal of Dermatology 1983;109(1):122. [PUBMED: 6222753] - PubMed
Ortiz 2009 {published data only}
    1. Ortiz A, Elkeeb L, Truitt A, Hindiyeh R, Aquino L, Tran M, Weinstein G. Topical PRK 124 (0.125%) lotion for improving the signs and symptoms of rosacea. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2009;8(5):459‐62. [PUBMED: 19537369] - PubMed
Öztürkcan 2004 {published data only}
    1. Oztürkcan S, Ermertcan AT, Sahin MT, Afşar FS. Efficiency of benzoyl peroxide‐erythromycin gel in comparison with metronidazole gel in the treatment of acne rosacea. Journal of Dermatology 2004;31(8):610‐7. [PUBMED: 15492433] - PubMed
Parodi 2008 {published data only}
    1. Parodi A, Paolino S, Greco A, Drago F, Mansi C, Rebora A, et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in rosacea: Clinical effectiveness of its eradication. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2008;6(7):759‐64. [PUBMED: 18456568 ] - PubMed
Ruggero 2005 {published data only}
    1. Ruggero C, Barbareschi M, Veraldi S. Pulse‐therapy with azithromycin in acne rosacea and peri‐oral dermatitis: an open study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2005;52(3 Suppl 1):P4.
Sainthillier 2005 {published data only}
    1. Sainthillier J‐M, Mac‐Mary S, Creidi P, Msika P, Chadoutaud B, Humbert P. Comparative evaluation by colorimetry and videocapillaroscopy of the efficacy of a cream composed of peptide of lupin and soya isoflavones on erythrocouperose [Évaluation comparative par colorimétrie et vidéocapillaroscopie de l'efficacité d'une crème composée de peptide de lupin et d'isoflavones de soja sur l'érythrocouperose]. Nouvelles Dermatologiques 2005;24(2):99‐104. [EMBASE: 2005110281]
Seal 1995 {published data only}
    1. Seal DV, Wright P, Ficker L, Hagan K, Troski M, Menday P. Placebo controlled trial of fusidic acid gel and oxytetracycline for recurrent blepharitis and rosacea. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1995;79(1):42‐5. [UI: 95186449; PUBMED: 7880791] - PMC - PubMed
Sehgal 2008 {published data only}
    1. Sehgal VN, Sharma S, Sardana K. Rosacea/acne rosacea: Efficacy of combination therapy of azithromycin and topical 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2008;22(11):1366‐8. [PUBMED: 18435734] - PubMed
Shanler 2007 {published data only}
    1. Shanler SD, Ondo AL. Successful treatment of the erythema and flushing of rosacea using a topically applied selective alpha1‐adrenergic receptor agonist, oxymetazoline. Archives of Dermatology 2007;143(11):1369‐71. [PUBMED: 18025359] - PubMed
Signore 1995 {published data only}
    1. Signore RJ. A pilot study of 5 percent permethrin cream versus 0.75 percent metronidazole gel in acne rosacea. Cutis 1995;56(3):177‐9. [UI 96098375; PUBMED: 8565604] - PubMed
Stoudemayer 2006 {published data only}
    1. Stoudemayer M, Zhen Y, Stoudemayer T, Kligman A. Evaluation of a topical treatment containing 8% sulfur and 2% resorcinol in the treatment of centrofacial rosacea. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2006;54(3 Suppl):AB17.
Tierney 2009 {published data only}
    1. Tierney E, Hanke CW. Randomized controlled trial: Comparative efficacy for the treatment of facial telangiectasias with 532 nm versus 940 nm diode laser. Lasers in Surgery & Medicine 2009;41(8):555‐62. [PUBMED: 19746429] - PubMed
Togsverd‐Bo 2009 {published data only}
    1. Togsverd‐Bo K, Wiegell SR, Wulf HC, Haedersdal M. Short and limited effect of long‐pulsed dye laser alone and in combination with photodynamic therapy for inflammatory rosacea. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2009;23(2):200‐1. [PUBMED: 18452529] - PubMed
Torresani 1997 {published data only}
    1. Torresani C, Pavesi A, Manara GC. Clarithromycin versus doxycycline in the treatment of rosacea. International Journal of Dermatology 1997;36(12):942‐6. [PUBMED: 9466207] - PubMed
Trumbore 2009 {published data only}
    1. Trumbore MW, Goldstein JA, Gurge RM. Treatment of papulopustular rosacea with sodium sulfacetamide 10%/sulfur 5% emollient foam. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2009;8(3):299‐304. [PUBMED: 19271381] - PubMed
Uebelhoer 2007 {published data only}
    1. Uebelhoer NS, Bogle MA, Stewart B, Arndt KA, Dover JS. A split‐face comparison study of pulsed 532‐nm KTP laser and 595‐nm pulsed dye laser in the treatment of facial telangiectasias and diffuse telangiectatic facial erythema. Dermatologic Surgery 2007;33(4):441‐8. [PUBMED: 17430378] - PubMed
Veien 1988 {published data only}
    1. Veien NK. Metronidazole cream for the local treatment of rosacea [Metronidazolcreme til lokalbehandling af rosacea]. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1988;150(6):381‐2. [EMBASE: 2968013] - PubMed
Veraldi 1996 {published data only}
    1. Veraldi S, Scarabelli G, Rizzitelli G, Caputo R. Treatment of rosacea fulminans with isotretinoin and topical alclometasone dipropionate. European Journal of Dermatology 1996;6(2):94‐6. [EMBASE: 1996085850]
Viera 2007 {published data only}
    1. Viera MH, Perez OA, Berman B. Incyclinide. Dual MMP‐2/MMP‐9 inhibitor treatment of acne treatment of rosacea. Drugs of the Future 2007;32(3):209‐14. [DOI: 10.1358/dof.2007.032.03.1083308; EMBASE: 2007289664] - DOI
Yu 2006 {published data only}
    1. Yu TG, Zheng YZ, Zhu JT, Guo W. Effect of treatment of rosacea in females by Chibixiao Recipe in combination with minocycline and spironolactone. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2006;12(4):277‐80. [PUBMED: 17361524] - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

ACTRN12614000004662 {unpublished data only}
    1. ACTRN12614000004662. A single‐blind randomised controlled trial of topical Kanuka honey for the treatment of rosacea. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=365179 (accessed 21 July 2014).
IRCT2014030416837N1 {unpublished data only}
    1. IRCT2014030416837N1. Effects of permethrin 5% topical gel in comparison with placebo on Demodex density in rosacea patients: a double‐blind, randomized clinical trial. www.irct.ir/searchresult.php?keyword=&id=16837&number=1&prt=... (accessed 23 September 2014).
NCT00560703 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00560703. Efficacy and safety of COL‐101 for the treatment of blepharitis in patients with facial rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00560703 (accessed 16 July 2014).
NCT00617903 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00617903. A 12‐week exploratory, multicenter, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled study to investigate the efficacy and safety of topical azelaic acid 15% foam twice daily in patients with papulopustular rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00617903 (accessed 18 July 2014).
NCT00882531 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00882531. Evaluation of the efficacy of isotretinoin versus placebo in terms of response rate among patients presenting papular‐pustular rosacea resistant to standard therapy. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00882531 (accessed 18 July 2014).
NCT01125930 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01125930. Investigation of the topical retinoid, Atralin gel 0.05% for the treatment of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01125930 (accessed 19 July 2014).
NCT01451619 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01451619. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multi‐center, parallel group study to assess the pharmacodynamics of MK‐0524 in subjects with moderate to severe erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. (protocol No. 155). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01451619 (accessed 19 July 2014).
NCT01579084 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01579084. Safety and tolerability of AGN‐199201 in patients with erythema associated with rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01579084 (accessed 21 July 2014).
NCT01614743 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01614743. A double‐blinded, randomized placebo controlled pilot study comparing the efficacy and safety of Incobotulinumtoxin A versus saline injections to the cheek region in patients with rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01614743 (accessed 19 July 2014).
NCT01631656 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01631656. Combination Finacea gel and vascular Nd:Yag laser therapy for mild to moderate rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01631656 (accessed 20 July 2014).
NCT01735201 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01735201. AGN‐199201 for the treatment of erythema with rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01735201 (accessed 21 July 2014).
NCT01740934 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01740934. An eight‐week, multi‐site, double‐blind, randomized, vehicle‐controlled, parallel‐group trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and effects of Anatabloc® crème in subjects with rosacea followed by an open‐label extension. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01740934 (accessed 20 July 2014).

References to ongoing studies

EUCTR2006‐001999‐20‐HU {unpublished data only}
    1. EUCTR2006‐001999‐20‐HU. Assessment of the efficacy and safety of three concentration:1%, 0.3%, 0.1% of CD5024 cream once daily and CD5024 1% cream twice daily, versus its vehicle and versus metronidazole cream (Rozex®) in patients with papulopustular rosacea over 12 weeks. apps.who.int/trialsearch/ (accessed 23 September 2014).
EUCTR2006‐003707‐40‐DE {unpublished data only}
    1. EUCTR2006‐003707‐40‐DE. Activity of twice daily per os administration of CD06713 at 8mg versus its placebo during 4 weeks treatment, in patients with erythemato‐telangiectatic rosacea. apps.who.int/trialsearch/ (accessed 23 September 2014).
EUCTR2006‐007029‐29‐EE {unpublished data only}
    1. EUCTR2006‐007029‐29‐EE. Non inferiority study of metronidazole 0.75% cream versus reference therapy in the local treatment of papulopustular rosacea. apps.who.int/trialsearch/ (accessed 23‐9‐2014).
EUCTR2008‐003854‐13‐FR {unpublished data only}
    1. EUCTR2008‐003854‐13‐FR. An investigator blind parallel group vehicle control study comparing the efficacy ad safety of CD 5024 1% cream with metronidazole 0.75% cream in subjects with papulopustular rosacea over 16 weeks treatment. apps.who.int/trialsearch/ (accessed 23 September 2014).
EUCTR2009‐013111‐35‐DE {unpublished data only}
    1. EUCTR2009‐013111‐35‐DE. Effect of CD08514 versus placebo, in patients presenting with type 1 rosacea, over an 8‐week treatment. apps.who.int/trialsearch/ (accessed 23 September 2014).
EUCTR2010‐018319‐13‐DE {unpublished data only}
    1. EUCTR2010‐018319‐13‐DE. A double‐blind, vehicle controlled, parallel group study assessing the activity of CD5024 1% cream in subjects with papulopustular rosacea over 12 weeks treatment. apps.who.int/trialsearch/ (accessed 23 September 2014).
EUCTR2010‐021150‐19‐NL {unpublished data only}
    1. EUCTR2010‐021150‐19‐NL. Doxycycline versus minocycline in the treatment of rosacea: a randomised controlled trial. ‐ DoMino‐study. apps.who.int/trialsearch/ (accessed 23 September 2014).
EUCTR2010‐023566‐43‐DE {unpublished data only}
    1. EUCTR2010‐023566‐43‐DE. No English title [Multizentrische, randomisierte, doppelblinde, kontrollierte Phase III‐Studie zur Behandlung der papulopustulären Rosazea mit Permethrin Creme 5 % (InfectoScab®) versus Permethrin Creme 2,5 % versus Metronidazol Creme 0,75 % (Rozex®) ‐ Papulopustuläre Rosazea‐Behandlung mit Permethrin Creme versus Metronidazol Creme]. apps.who.int/trialsearch/ (accessed 23 September 2014).
EUCTR2011‐002057‐65‐DE {unpublished data only}
    1. EUCTR2011‐002057‐65‐DE. Effect of CD08100/02 3% gel versus placebo in subjects presenting with erythematotelangiectatic rosacea over a 4 week treatment period. apps.who.int/trialsearch/ (accessed 23 September 2014).
EUCTR2011‐002058‐30‐DE {unpublished data only}
    1. EUCTR2011‐002058‐30‐DE. Effect of CD08100/02 3% gel versus placebo gel in subjects presenting with papulopustular rosacea over a 6‐week treatment period. apps.who.int/trialsearch/ (accessed 23 September 2014).
EUCTR2011‐004791‐11‐CZ {unpublished data only}
    1. EUCTR2011‐004791‐11‐CZ. Efficacy and safety of CD5024 1% cream versus metronidazole 0.75% cream in subjects with papulopustular rosacea over 16 weeks treatment, followed by a 36‐week extension period. apps.who.int/trialsearch/ (accessed 23 September 2014).
EUCTR2012‐001044‐22‐SE {unpublished data only}
    1. EUCTR2012‐001044‐22‐SE. A multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled, parallel group study to demonstrate the efficacy and assess the safety of CD07805/47 gel 0.5%applied topically once daily in subjects with moderate to severe facial erythema of rosacea. apps.who.int/trialsearch/ (accessed 23 September 2014).
EUCTR2013‐005083‐26‐DE {unpublished data only}
    1. EUCTR2013‐005083‐26‐DE. Effect of CD07805/47 gel in subjects presenting with flushing related to erythematotelangiectatic or papulopustular rosacea ‐ Effect of CD07805/47 gel in rosacea flushing. apps.who.int/trialsearch/ (accessed 23 September 2014).
IRCT2014010516079N1 {unpublished data only}
    1. IRCT2014010516079N1. Comparison of dapsone 5% topical gel with metronidazole 0.75% efficacy in combination with oral doxycycline in papulopustular rosacea. apps.who.int/trialsearch/ (accessed 23 September 2014).
JPRN‐UMIN000008315 {unpublished data only}
    1. JPRN‐UMIN000008315. Clinical trial for development of topical rapamycin treatment for rosacea. apps.who.int/trialsearch/ (accessed 23 September 2014).
NCT00041977 {published data only}
    1. NCT00041977. A multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, clinical trial to determine the effects of doxycycline hyclate 20 mg tablets [Periostat(R)] administered twice daily for the treatment of acne rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00041977 (accessed 21 July 2014).
NCT00436527 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00436527. MetroGel 1% hydration study: a kinetic regression study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00436527 (accessed 19 July 2014).
NCT00495313 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00495313. Determine the effects of COL‐101 administered once daily with metronidazole topical gel, 1% versus doxycycline hyclate 100 mg administered once daily with metronidazole topical gel, 1% in patients with moderate to severe rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00495313 (accessed 16 July 2014).
NCT00621218 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00621218. A pilot study to compare tretinoin gel, 0.05% to tretinoin gel vehicle when dosed once or twice daily in female subjects with classical rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00621218 (accessed 18 July 2014).
NCT00667173 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00667173. A phase 2, multi‐center, evaluator‐blind, randomized, vehicle‐controlled clinical study to assess the safety and efficacy of IDP‐115 in the treatment of rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00667173 (accessed 18 July 2014).
NCT00697541 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00697541. A phase II, single‐center, two‐way crossover relative systemic bioavailability study of Col‐118 administered topically as a 0.18 % facial gel and brimonidine ophthalmic solution 0.2% administered to the eye in subjects with moderate to severe erythematous rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00697541 (accessed 18 July 2014).
NCT01016782 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01016782. Multi‐center, double‐blind, randomized, vehicle‐controlled, parallel group study of 0444 gel. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01016782 (accessed 19 July 2014).
NCT01134991 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01134991. Pilot, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group, dose range finding study, to evaluate the tolerability and safety of FXFM244 antibiotic foam and to monitor its clinical effect in moderate to severe rosacea patients. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01134991 (accessed 19 July 2014).
NCT01186068 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01186068. A randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled, parallel‐group study of the dose‐response profile of V‐101 cream in subjects with erythematous rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01186068 (accessed 19 July 2014).
NCT01257919 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01257919. Investigator‐blinded, randomized, cross‐over, multiple dose phase I study on safety and pharmacokinetics of topically applied azelaic acid foam, 15% compared to azelaic acid gel, 15% in subjects with papulopustular rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01257919 (accessed 19 July 2014).
NCT01308619 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01308619. A multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled evaluation of rosacea‐related inflammatory biochemical markers in the skin of adults with papulopustular rosacea treated with daily doxycycline 40 mg (30 mg immediate release / 10 mg delayed release beads) capsules. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01308619 (accessed 19 July 2014).
NCT01513863 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01513863. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo controlled, parallel design, multi‐site clinical study to compare the bioequivalence of two metronidazole 1% topical gel formulations in patients with moderate to severe rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01513863 (accessed 19 July 2014).
NCT01555463 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01555463. A randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled, multicenter, parallel‐group clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of azelaic acid foam, 15% topically applied twice daily for 12 weeks in subjects with papulopustular rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01555463 (accessed 20 Juy 2014).
NCT01659853 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01659853. A multicenter, randomized, controlled, double‐masked, crossover design study to compare efficacy and assess safety of CD07805/47 gel 0.5% applied once daily vs azelaic acid gel 15% applied twice daily in subjects with erythema of rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01659853 (accessed 20 July 2014).
NCT01784133 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01784133. A phase 2, randomized, vehicle‐controlled, double‐blind, multicenter study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of three once‐daily CLS001 topical gels versus vehicle administered for 12 weeks to subjects with papulopustular rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01784133 (accessed 20 July 2014).
NCT01828177 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01828177. A multicenter randomized evaluator‐blinded vehicle‐controlled parallel group evaluation of twice daily PDI‐320 in comparison to its monads in adults with rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01828177 (accessed 20 July 2014).
NCT01917539 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01917539. Efficacy of Pulsed Light Therapy for Meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye syndrome. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01917539 (accessed 21 July 2014).
NCT01933464 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01933464. An analysis of the effect of topical cromolyn sodium on rosacea‐associated erythema. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01933464 (accessed 20 July 2014).
NCT01993446 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01993446. A randomized, double‐blind, vehicle controlled study of the safety and efficacy of topical DRM02 in subjects with rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01993446 (accessed 20 July 2014).
NCT02036229 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02036229. A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, half‐face study to evaluate the effect of topical ivermectin cream 0.5% on demodicidosis. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02036229 (accessed 20 July 2014).
NCT02052999 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02052999. An open label pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of PAC‐14028 in the treatment of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea and papulopustular rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02052999 (accessed 20 July 2014).
NCT02075671 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02075671. Photodynamic therapy for papulopustular rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02075671 (accessed 20 July 2014).
NCT02120924 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02120924. A multicenter, double‐blind, randomized, parallel‐group, vehicle‐controlled study to evaluate the safety and clinical equivalence of a generic azelaic acid gel, 15% and the reference listed Finacea® (azelaic acid) gel, 15% in patients with moderate facial rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02120924 (accessed 20 July 2014).
NCT02132117 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02132117. Safety and efficacy of AGN‐199201 in patients with persistent erythema associated with rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02132117 (website accessed 20 July 2014).
NCT02144181 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02144181. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the Ulthera® System for the treatment of signs and symptoms of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02144181 (accessed 20 July 2014).
NCT02147691 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02147691. Finacea 15% and brimonidine 0.33% gel in the treatment of rosacea ‐ a pilot study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02147691 (accessed 20 July 2014).
NCT02204254 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02204254. Prospective, open label, randomized study comparing bipolar radiofrequency potentiated by infrared light to doxycycline in patient with papulopustular rosacea. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02204254 (accessed 23 September 2014).

Additional references

Abram 2009
    1. Abram K, Silm H, Maaroos HI, Oona M. Subjective disease perception and symptoms of depression in relation to healthcare‐seeking behaviour in patients with rosacea. Acta Dermato‐Venereologica 2009;89(5):488‐91. [PUBMED: 19734974] - PubMed
Aksoy 2010
    1. Aksoy B, Altaykan‐Hapa A, Egemen D, Karagöz F, Atakan N. The impact of rosacea on quality of life: effects of demographic and clinical characteristics and various treatment modalities. British Journal of Dermatology 2010;163(4):719‐25. [PUBMED: 20545683] - PubMed
Alikhan 2010
    1. Alikhan A, Kurek L, Feldman SR. The role of tetracyclines in rosacea. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2010;11(2):79‐87. [PUBMED: 20141228] - PubMed
Bakar 2004
    1. Bakar O, Demirçay Z, Gürbüz O. Therapeutic potential of azithromycin in rosacea. International Journal of Dermatology 2004;43(2):151‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bakar 2009
    1. Bakar O, Demircay Z, Toker E, Cakir S. Ocular signs, symptoms and tear function tests of papulopustular rosacea patients receiving azithromycin. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2009;23(5):544‐9. [PUBMED: 19250326] - PubMed
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