Structured literature review of responses of cattle to viral and bacterial pathogens causing bovine respiratory disease complex

Abstract

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an economically important disease of cattle and continues to be an intensely studied topic. However, literature summarizing the time between pathogen exposure and clinical signs, shedding, and seroconversion is minimal. A structured literature review of the published literature was performed to determine cattle responses (time from pathogen exposure to clinical signs, shedding, and seroconversion) in challenge models using common BRD viral and bacterial pathogens. After review a descriptive analysis of published studies using common BRD pathogen challenge studies was performed. Inclusion criteria were single pathogen challenge studies with no treatment or vaccination evaluating outcomes of interest: clinical signs, shedding, and seroconversion. Pathogens of interest included: bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Mannheimia haemolytica, Mycoplasma bovis, Pastuerella multocida, and Histophilus somni. Thirty-five studies and 64 trials were included for analysis. The median days to the resolution of clinical signs after BVDV challenge was 15 and shedding was not detected on day 12 postchallenge. Resolution of BHV-1 shedding resolved on day 12 and clinical signs on day 12 postchallenge. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus ceased shedding on day 9 and median time to resolution of clinical signs was on day 12 postchallenge. M. haemolytica resolved clinical signs 8 days postchallenge. This literature review and descriptive analysis can serve as a resource to assist in designing challenge model studies and potentially aid in estimation of duration of clinical disease and shedding after natural pathogen exposure.

Keywords: Bovine respiratory disease; Bovine respiratory syncytial virus; Bovine viral diarrhea; Cattle; Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis; Mannheimia haemolytica; Mycoplasma bovis; Parainfluenza-3; Virus shedding.

Figure 1

Summary of bovine viral diarrhea trials. For virus isolation, minimum is defined as the day when shedding was first detected, peak is when shedding was at the maximum, and resolution when shedding ceased. For rectal temperature (Temp), minimum is defined as the day when rectal temperature first exceeded 40°C, peak when rectal temperature was highest, and resolution defined as when rectal temperature was less than 40°C. For serum neutralization (Serum), minimum is defined as the day when seroconversion was first detected and peak when serum neutralization was highest. For clinical signs, minimum is defined as the day when clinical signs were first detected, peak being when clinical signs were the most severe, and resolution when clinical signs resumed normal limits.

Figure 2

Summary of IBR trials. For virus isolation (VI), minimum is defined as the day when shedding was first detected, peak is when shedding was at the maximum, and resolution when shedding ceased. For rectal temperature (Temp), minimum is defined as the day when rectal temperature first exceeded 40°C, peak when rectal temperature was highest, and resolution defined as when rectal temperature was less than 40°C. For serum neutralization (Serum), minimum is defined as the day when seroconversion was first detected and peak when serum neutralization was highest. For clinical signs (CS), minimum is defined as the day when clinical signs were first detected, peak being when clinical signs were the most severe, and resolution when clinical signs resumed normal limits.

Figure 3

Summary of PI‐3 trials. For virus isolation (VI), minimum is defined as the day when shedding was first detected, peak is when shedding was at the maximum, and resolution when shedding ceased. For clinical signs (CS), minimum is defined as the day when clinical signs were first detected, peak being when clinical signs were the most severe, and resolution when clinical signs resumed normal limits.

Figure 4

Summary of BRSV trials. For virus isolation (VI), minimum is defined as the day when shedding was first detected, peak is when shedding was at the maximum, and resolution when shedding ceased. For rectal temperature (Temp), minimum is defined as the day when rectal temperature first exceeded 40°C, peak when rectal temperature was highest, and resolution defined as when rectal temperature was less than 40°C. For serum neutralization (Serum), minimum is defined as the day when seroconversion was first detected and peak when serum neutralization was highest. For clinical signs (CS), minimum is defined as the day when clinical signs were first detected, peak being when clinical signs were the most severe, and resolution when clinical signs resumed normal limits.

Figure 5

Summary of Mannheimia haemolytica trials. For rectal temperature (Temp), minimum is defined as the day when rectal temperature first exceeded 40°C, peak when rectal temperature was highest, and resolution defined as when rectal temperature was less than 40°C. For clinical signs (CS), minimum is defined as the day when clinical signs were first detected, peak being when clinical signs were the most severe, and resolution when clinical signs resumed normal limits.

Figure 6

Summary of Mycoplasma bovis trials. For rectal temperature (Temp), minimum is defined as the day when rectal temperature first exceeded 40°C, peak when rectal temperature was highest, and resolution defined as when rectal temperature was less than 40°C. For serum neutralization (Serum), minimum is defined as the day when seroconversion was first detected and peak when serum neutralization was highest. For clinical signs (CS), minimum is defined as the day when clinical signs were first detected, peak being when clinical signs were the most severe, and resolution when clinical signs resumed normal limits.

Figure 7

Summary of Pasteurella multocida trials. For rectal temperature (Temp), minimum is defined as the day when rectal temperature first exceeded 40°C, peak when rectal temperature was highest, and resolution defined as when rectal temperature was less than 40°C. For clinical signs (CS), minimum is defined as the day when clinical signs were first detected, peak being when clinical signs were the most severe, and resolution when clinical signs resumed normal limits.