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. 2015 May;22(3):520-5.
doi: 10.1107/S1600577515004865. Epub 2015 Apr 21.

The Matter in Extreme Conditions instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source

Bob Nagler  1 , Brice Arnold  1 , Gary Bouchard  1 , Richard F Boyce  1 , Richard M Boyce  1 , Alice Callen  1 , Marc Campell  1 , Ruben Curiel  1 , Eric Galtier  1 , Justin Garofoli  1 , Eduardo Granados  1 , Jerry Hastings  1 , Greg Hays  1 , Philip Heimann  1 , Richard W Lee  1 , Despina Milathianaki  1 , Lori Plummer  1 , Andreas Schropp  1 , Alex Wallace  1 , Marc Welch  1 , William White  1 , Zhou Xing  1 , Jing Yin  1 , James Young  1 , Ulf Zastrau  1 , Hae Ja Lee  1
Affiliations

The Matter in Extreme Conditions instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source

Bob Nagler et al. J Synchrotron Radiat. 2015 May.

Abstract

The LCLS beam provides revolutionary capabilities for studying the transient behavior of matter in extreme conditions. The particular strength of the Matter in Extreme Conditions instrument is that it combines the unique LCLS beam with high-power optical laser beams, and a suite of dedicated diagnostics tailored for this field of science. In this paper an overview of the beamline, the capabilities of the instrumentation, and selected highlights of experiments and commissioning results are presented.

Keywords: FEL; X-ray Thomson scattering; high energy density science; high-pressure science; warm dense matter.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Example of the setup at MEC of a typical experiment and close-up of typical samples (inset). The target sample is in the center of the MEC vacuum chamber, on a motorized alignment stage with six degrees of freedom. The optical beam (in green) is overlapped on the sample with the LCLS X-ray beam using a motorized lens for steering. Long-distance microscopes are used to image both beams on a Ce:YAG scintillating target. An HAPG X-ray Thomson spectrometer records X-ray back-scatter. A large-area diffracton detector (CSPAD-560k) records elastic scatter for a solid angle of approximately 0.75 sr.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Overview of the MEC instrument layout. Distances are indicated in meters from the interaction region (IR). M is the last off-set mirror, D are non-destructive intensity and alignment diagnostics, S&D are slits and non-destructive intensity diagnostics, TT is a timetool to measure the arrival time of the Ti:S laser relative to the X-ray pulse, Lenses are beryllium compound refractive lenses, M1 and M2 are mirrors to reject the ∼1% third harmonic that is present in the LCLS beam, WIN is a 25 µm Be window, and IR is the standard interaction region (i.e. the center of the MEC target chamber). The interaction region is located approximately 460 m downstream of the undulator.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Ptychographic reconstruction of a nano-structured sample and illumination function. (a) Phase of the transmission function of the sample. Gray values indicate the phase shift in radians. (b) Complex-valued illumination function. Amplitude is encoded by brightness and phase by hue.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Phase-contrast image of shock propagating through an aluminium sample.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a) Experimental Thomson scattering spectrum of the LCLS seeded beam demonstrating plasmon resolution capabitlities. (b) A schematic of the MEC X-ray Thomson scattering spectrometer. The spectrometer is motorized to collect scattering angles θs between 0 and 90°.
Figure 6
Figure 6
X-ray diffraction of an aluminium sample. Debye–Scherrer rings of (a) unshocked sample and (b) sample 20 ns after shock loading. Lattice decompression and growth of crystallites are observed.
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