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Review
. 2015:2015:971453.
doi: 10.1155/2015/971453. Epub 2015 Apr 8.

Emerging risk biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases and disorders

Ravi Kant Upadhyay  1
Affiliations
Review

Emerging risk biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases and disorders

Ravi Kant Upadhyay. J Lipids. 2015.

Abstract

Present review article highlights various cardiovascular risk prediction biomarkers by incorporating both traditional risk factors to be used as diagnostic markers and recent technologically generated diagnostic and therapeutic markers. This paper explains traditional biomarkers such as lipid profile, glucose, and hormone level and physiological biomarkers based on measurement of levels of important biomolecules such as serum ferritin, triglyceride to HDLp (high density lipoproteins) ratio, lipophorin-cholesterol ratio, lipid-lipophorin ratio, LDL cholesterol level, HDLp and apolipoprotein levels, lipophorins and LTPs ratio, sphingolipids, Omega-3 Index, and ST2 level. In addition, immunohistochemical, oxidative stress, inflammatory, anatomical, imaging, genetic, and therapeutic biomarkers have been explained in detail with their investigational specifications. Many of these biomarkers, alone or in combination, can play important role in prediction of risks, its types, and status of morbidity. As emerging risks are found to be affiliated with minor and microlevel factors and its diagnosis at an earlier stage could find CVD, hence, there is an urgent need of new more authentic, appropriate, and reliable diagnostic and therapeutic markers to confirm disease well in time to start the clinical aid to the patients. Present review aims to discuss new emerging biomarkers that could facilitate more authentic and fast diagnosis of CVDs, HF (heart failures), and various lipid abnormalities and disorders in the future.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Showing important lipid abnormalities and metabolic disorders related to human cardiovascular disease.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Showing major lipid abnormalities responsible for various cardiovascular disorders found in human.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) and (b) showing interrelationship of lipid abnormalities and associating risk factors with diagnostic and therapeutic measures.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Showing successive progression of transient ischemic attack and chronic heart failure in man.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Showing essentiality for integration of diagnostics, therapeutics, metabolomics, and gene therapy for most possible treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Shortening of artery wall due to deposition of cholesterol and its binding lipoproteins.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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