Review

. 2015 May 6;86(3):617-31.

doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.021.

Brains, genes, and primates

Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte¹, Edward M Callaway², Sarah J Caddick³, Patricia Churchland⁴, Guoping Feng⁵, Gregg E Homanics⁶, Kuo-Fen Lee⁷, David A Leopold⁸, Cory T Miller⁹, Jude F Mitchell¹⁰, Shoukhrat Mitalipov¹¹, Alysson R Moutri¹², J Anthony Movshon¹³, Hideyuki Okano¹⁴, John H Reynolds¹⁵, Dario Ringach¹⁶, Terrence J Sejnowski¹⁷, Afonso C Silva¹⁸, Peter L Strick¹⁹, Jun Wu¹, Feng Zhang²⁰

Affiliations

¹ Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
² Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
³ The Gatsby Charitable Foundation, The Peak, 5 Wilton Road, London SW1V 1AP, UK.
⁴ Department of Philosophy, University of California, San Diego, 1500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
⁵ Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
⁶ Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology and Department of Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 6060 Biomedical Science Tower 3, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
⁷ Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
⁸ Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20192, USA.
⁹ Department of Psychology and Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
¹⁰ Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Meliora Hall, Box 270268, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0268, USA.
¹¹ Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 S.W. Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
¹² School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
¹³ Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, Brain Science Institute RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
¹⁵ Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Electronic address: reynolds@salk.edu.
¹⁶ Department of Neurobiology and Department of Psychology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 92093, USA.
¹⁷ Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
¹⁸ Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, MSC 1065, Building 49, Room 3A72, Bethesda, MD 20892-1065, USA.
¹⁹ Brain Institute and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
²⁰ Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 7 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 7 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.

PMID: 25950631
PMCID: PMC4425847
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.021

Review

Brains, genes, and primates

Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte et al. Neuron. 2015.

. 2015 May 6;86(3):617-31.

doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.021.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
² Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
³ The Gatsby Charitable Foundation, The Peak, 5 Wilton Road, London SW1V 1AP, UK.
⁴ Department of Philosophy, University of California, San Diego, 1500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
⁵ Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
⁶ Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology and Department of Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 6060 Biomedical Science Tower 3, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
⁷ Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
⁸ Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20192, USA.
⁹ Department of Psychology and Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
¹⁰ Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Meliora Hall, Box 270268, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0268, USA.
¹¹ Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 S.W. Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
¹² School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
¹³ Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, Brain Science Institute RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
¹⁵ Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Electronic address: reynolds@salk.edu.
¹⁶ Department of Neurobiology and Department of Psychology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 92093, USA.
¹⁷ Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
¹⁸ Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, MSC 1065, Building 49, Room 3A72, Bethesda, MD 20892-1065, USA.
¹⁹ Brain Institute and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
²⁰ Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 7 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 7 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.

PMID: 25950631
PMCID: PMC4425847
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.021

Erratum in

Neuron. 2015 Aug 5;87(3):671

Abstract

One of the great strengths of the mouse model is the wide array of genetic tools that have been developed. Striking examples include methods for directed modification of the genome, and for regulated expression or inactivation of genes. Within neuroscience, it is now routine to express reporter genes, neuronal activity indicators, and opsins in specific neuronal types in the mouse. However, there are considerable anatomical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral differences between the mouse and the human that, in some areas of inquiry, limit the degree to which insights derived from the mouse can be applied to understanding human neurobiology. Several recent advances have now brought into reach the goal of applying these tools to understanding the primate brain. Here we describe these advances, consider their potential to advance our understanding of the human brain and brain disorders, discuss bioethical considerations, and describe what will be needed to move forward.

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Figures

**Figure 1**
Cladogram illustrating the phylogenetic relationships for the major subclasses of mammals and some of the orders within each subclass, with illustrations indicating some cortical fields that are shared across different mammals. Primary visual cortex, dark blue; Secondary visual cortex, light blue; Posterior parietal cortex, green; presumptive posterior parietal cortex, light green; Auditory cortex, yellow; Primary somatosensory cortex, red; Second somatosensory area, pink. Adapted from (Cooke et al., 2014), with permission.

**Figure 2**
Approaches to primate transgenesis. Different methods now in use or having the potential to be used in the creation of genetically modified non-human primates, indicated in bold, with each method placed within the reproductive cycle. See text for details.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Brains, genes, and primates

Affiliations

Brains, genes, and primates

Authors

Affiliations

Erratum in

Abstract

Figures

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

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Medical