Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir during pregnancy and postpartum

Abstract

Objectives: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is increasingly used in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens of pregnant women, but limited data exist on the pregnancy pharmacokinetics of chronically dosed TDF. This study described tenofovir pharmacokinetics during pregnancy and postpartum.

Methods: International Maternal Pediatric and Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT) P1026s is a prospective, nonblinded pharmacokinetic study of HIV-infected pregnant women that included a cohort receiving 300 mg TDF once daily. Steady-state 24-hour pharmacokinetic profiles were measured at the second and third trimesters, postpartum, and in maternal and umbilical cord samples collected at delivery. Tenofovir was measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The target area under the concentration versus time curve from time 0 to 24 h post dose (AUC) was ≥ 1.99 μg h/mL (nonpregnant historical control 10th percentile).

Results: The median tenofovir AUC was decreased during the second (1.9 μg h/mL) and third (2.4 μg h/mL; P = 0.005) trimesters versus postpartum (3.0 μg h/mL). Tenofovir AUC exceeded the target for two of four women (50%) in the second trimester, 27 of 37 women [73%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 56%, 86%] in the third trimester, and 27 of 32 women (84%; 95% CI 67%, 95%) postpartum (P > 0.05). Median second/third-trimester troughs were lower (39/54 ng/mL) than postpartum (61 ng/mL). Median third-trimester weight was greater for subjects below the target AUC versus those above the target (97.9 versus 74.2 kg, respectively; P = 0.006). The median ratio of cord blood to maternal concentrations was 0.88. No infants were HIV infected.

Conclusions: This study found lower tenofovir AUC and troughs during pregnancy. Transplacental passage with chronic TDF use during pregnancy was high. Standard TDF doses appear to be appropriate for most HIV-infected pregnant women but therapeutic drug monitoring with dose adjustment should be considered in pregnant women with high weight (> 90 kg) or inadequate HIV RNA response.

Keywords: HIV; antiretrovirals; pregnancy; prevention of perinatal transmission; tenofovir.

Figure 1

Individual plasma concentration-time curves of tenofovir in 37 HIV-1 infected pregnant women in the 3^rd trimester (solid lines) and the estimated 50^th percentile concentration-time curve for non-pregnant HIV-infected historical adult controls (thick dashed line).

Figure 2

Individual plasma concentration-time curves of tenofovir in 32 HIV-1-infected women postpartum (solid lines) and the estimated 50^th percentile concentration-time curve for non-pregnant HIV-infected historical adult controls (thick dashed line).

Figure 3

Median tenofovir concentration-time curves during the second trimester (dash/dot line; n = 4); third trimester (dashed line; n = 37) and postpartum (dotted line; n = 32), and the estimated 50^th percentile concentration-time curve for non-pregnant HIV-infected historical adult controls (solid line). IQR, interquartile range.