Adolescent health: present status and its related programmes in India. Are we in the right direction?

Abstract

Adolescence is a phase of rapid growth and development during which physical, physiological and behavioural changes occur. They constitute more than 1.2 billion worldwide, and about 21% of Indian population. Morbidity and mortality occurring in this age group is mostly due to preventable causes. Young and growing children have poor knowledge and lack of awareness about physical and psychological changes that occurs during adolescence and the ill health affecting them. Existing Adolescent health programmes focus on rendering services like immunization, health education for sexual and reproductive health, nutritional education and supplementation, anemia control measures and counseling. Adolescent health programmes are fragmentary at present and there is no comprehensive programme addressing all the needs of adolescents. Access and availability of health care services are severely limited. Lack of accurate information, absence of proper guidance, parent's ignorance, lack of skills and insufficient services from health care delivery system are the major barriers. Interventions should focus on providing psychological and mental health services and behaviour change communication towards leading a healthy lifestyle, restricting advertisement related to junk food products, awareness creation about reproductive and sexual health, educating parents to prevent early marriage, teenage pregnancy and to counsel their children on nutrition and reproductive health. Universal coverage of Adolescent friendly clinics is highly recommended. To be cost effective, all health services addressing adolescent should come under single programme. This review is intended to create awareness among the stakeholders about the importance of strengthening adolescent health services in order to meet their felt needs.

Keywords: Health problems; Health programmes; Teenage.

[Table/Fig-1]:

Proportion of adolescents and World population Source: progress for children; A report card on adolescents. UNICEF [1]

[Table/Fig-2]:

Top 10 causes of death among adolescents by sex Source: Health for World’s adolescents. WHO [6]

[Table/Fig-3]:

Major causes of mortality and morbidity among adolescents in selected regions Source: progress for children: A report card on adolescents. UNICEF [8]

[Table/Fig-4]:

Decadal comparison of major causes of DALYs in adolescents by sexes in SEAR Source: Health for world’s adolescents: Disability Adjusted Life Years. WHO [10]

[Table/Fig-5]:

Decadal comparison of State wise distribution of adolescent population

[Table/Fig-8]:

State wise adolescent fertility rates during 2011 and 2012