Endoscopic dilatation, heller myotomy, and peroral endoscopic myotomy: treatment modalities for achalasia

Abstract

At present, LHM with partial fundoplication is considered the gold standard for the treatment of patients with esophageal achalasia. Endoscopic procedures such as EBTI and PD should be considered as primary treatment modalities only in frail patients. POEM is a new approach with promising short-term results.

Keywords: Achalasia; Dysphagia; Endoscopic botulinum toxin injection; Fundoplication; Myotomy; POEM; Pneumatic dilatation; Reflux.