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Meta-Analysis
. 2015 May 20;2015(5):CD006258.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006258.pub2.

Haemodiafiltration, haemofiltration and haemodialysis for end-stage kidney disease

Ionut Nistor  1 , Suetonia C Palmer, Jonathan C Craig, Valeria Saglimbene, Mariacristina Vecchio, Adrian Covic, Giovanni F M Strippoli
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Haemodiafiltration, haemofiltration and haemodialysis for end-stage kidney disease

Ionut Nistor et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Convective dialysis modalities (haemofiltration (HF), haemodiafiltration (HDF), and acetate-free biofiltration (AFB)) removed excess body fluid across the dialysis membrane with positive pressure and accumulated middle- and larger-size accumulated solutes more efficiently than haemodialysis (HD). This increased larger solute removal combined with use of ultra-pure dialysis fluid in convective dialysis is hypothesised to reduce the frequency and severity of symptoms during dialysis as well as improve clinical outcomes. Convective dialysis therapies (HDF and HF) are associated with lower mortality compared to diffusive therapy (HD) in observational studies. This is an update of a review first published in 2006.

Objectives: To compare convective (HF, HDF, or AFB) with diffusive (HD) dialysis modalities on clinical outcomes (mortality, major cardiovascular events, hospitalisation and treatment-related adverse events) in men and women with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Renal Group's Specialised Register (to 18 February 2015) through contact with a Trials' Search Co-ordinator using search terms relevant to this review.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials comparing convective therapy (HF, HDF, AFB) with another convective therapy or diffusive therapy (HD) for treatment of ESKD.

Data collection and analysis: Two independent authors identified studies, extracted data and assessed study risk of bias. We summarised treatment effects using the random effects model. We reported results as a risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and mean difference (MD) for continuous data together with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We assessed for heterogeneity using the Chi(2) test and explored the amount of variation in treatment estimates beyond that expected by chance using the I(2) statistic.

Main results: Twenty studies comprising 667 participants were included in the 2006 review. In that review, there was insufficient evidence of treatment effects on major clinical outcomes to draw clinically meaningful conclusions. Searching to February 2015 identified 40 eligible studies comprising 3483 participants overall. In total, 35 studies (4039 participants) compared HF, HDF or AFB with HD, three studies (54 participants) compared AFB with HDF, and three studies (129 participants) compared HDF with HF.Risks of bias in all studies were generally high resulting in low confidence in estimated treatment effects. Convective dialysis had no significant effect on all-cause mortality (11 studies, 3396 participants: RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.05; I(2) = 34%), but significantly reduced cardiovascular mortality (6 studies, 2889 participants: RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.92; I(2) = 0%). One study reported no significant effect on rates of nonfatal cardiovascular events (714 participants: RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.50) and two studies showed no significant difference in hospitalisation (2 studies, 1688 participants: RR 1.23, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.63; I(2) = 0%). One study reported rates of hypotension during dialysis were significantly reduced with convective therapy (906 participants: RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.80). Adverse events were not systematically evaluated in most studies and data for health-related quality of life were sparse. Convective therapies significantly reduced predialysis levels of B2 microglobulin (12 studies, 1813 participants: MD -5.55 mg/dL, 95% CI -9.11 to -1.98; I(2) = 94%) and increased dialysis dose (Kt/V urea) (14 studies, 2022 participants: MD 0.07, 95% CI -0.00 to 0.14; I(2) = 90%) compared to diffusive therapy, but results across studies were very heterogeneous. Sensitivity analyses limited to studies comparing HDF with HD showed very similar results. Directly comparative data for differing types of convective dialysis were insufficient to draw conclusions.Studies had important risks of bias leading to low confidence in the summary estimates and were generally limited to patients who had adequate dialysis vascular access.

Authors' conclusions: Convective dialysis may reduce cardiovascular but not all-cause mortality and effects on nonfatal cardiovascular events and hospitalisation are inconclusive. However, any treatment benefits of convective dialysis on all patient outcomes including cardiovascular death are unreliable due to limitations in study methods and reporting. Future studies which assess treatment effects of convection dose on patient outcomes including mortality and cardiovascular events would be informative.

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Conflict of interest statement

The 2006 review was funded by the National Kidney Research Fund (UK).

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Convection (haemofiltration/HDF/acetate‐free biofiltration) versus haemodialysis, outcome: 1.1 All‐cause mortality.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Convection (haemofiltration/haemodiafiltration/acetate‐free biofiltration) versus haemodialysis, outcome: 1.2 Cardiovascular mortality.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Convection (haemofiltration/HDF/acetate‐free biofiltration) versus haemodialysis, outcome: 1.6 Change of dialysis modality.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Convection (haemofiltration/haemodiafiltration/acetate‐free biofiltration) versus haemodialysis, Outcome 1 All‐cause mortality.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Convection (haemofiltration/haemodiafiltration/acetate‐free biofiltration) versus haemodialysis, Outcome 2 Cardiovascular mortality.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Convection (haemofiltration/haemodiafiltration/acetate‐free biofiltration) versus haemodialysis, Outcome 3 Nonfatal cardiovascular event (rate/person‐years follow‐up).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Convection (haemofiltration/haemodiafiltration/acetate‐free biofiltration) versus haemodialysis, Outcome 4 Hospitalisation.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Convection (haemofiltration/haemodiafiltration/acetate‐free biofiltration) versus haemodialysis, Outcome 5 Hospitalisation (rate/person‐years follow‐up).
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Convection (haemofiltration/haemodiafiltration/acetate‐free biofiltration) versus haemodialysis, Outcome 6 Change of dialysis modality.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Convection (haemofiltration/haemodiafiltration/acetate‐free biofiltration) versus haemodialysis, Outcome 8 Dialysis sessions with hypotension.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Convection (haemofiltration/haemodiafiltration/acetate‐free biofiltration) versus haemodialysis, Outcome 9 Predialysis blood pressure.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Convection (haemofiltration/haemodiafiltration/acetate‐free biofiltration) versus haemodialysis, Outcome 10 Maximal drop in blood pressure during dialysis.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Convection (haemofiltration/haemodiafiltration/acetate‐free biofiltration) versus haemodialysis, Outcome 11 Kidney diseases questionnaire and well‐being scores.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Convection (haemofiltration/haemodiafiltration/acetate‐free biofiltration) versus haemodialysis, Outcome 12 Kt/V.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Convection (haemofiltration/haemodiafiltration/acetate‐free biofiltration) versus haemodialysis, Outcome 13 Urea reduction ratio.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Convection (haemofiltration/haemodiafiltration/acetate‐free biofiltration) versus haemodialysis, Outcome 14 Predialysis serum B2 microglobulin.
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Convection (haemofiltration/haemodiafiltration/acetate‐free biofiltration) versus haemodialysis, Outcome 15 B2 microglobulin clearance.
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Convection (haemofiltration/haemodiafiltration/acetate‐free biofiltration) versus haemodialysis, Outcome 16 Dialysate B2 microglobulin level.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Convection versus convection (haemofiltration versus haemodiafiltration), Outcome 1 All‐cause mortality.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Convection versus convection (haemofiltration versus haemodiafiltration), Outcome 2 Predialysis blood pressure.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Convection versus convection (haemofiltration versus haemodiafiltration), Outcome 3 Kt/V.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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CONTRAST (Dutch) Study 2005 {published and unpublished data}
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Cristofano 2004 {published and unpublished data}
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Ding 2002 {published data only}
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Eiselt 2000 {published data only}
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ESHOL Study 2011 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Fox 1993 {published data only}
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Karamperis 2005 {published data only}
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Lin 2001 {published data only}
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Lornoy 1998 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Noris 1998 {published data only}
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Ohtake 2012 {published data only}
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Pedrini 2011a {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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PROFIL Study 2011 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Alvestrand A, Gutierrez A, Hagerman I, Ledebo I, Mattsson E, Dam Jensen J, et al. Hemofiltration delays deterioration of left ventricular hypertrophy in incident dialysis patients. Initial report from PROFIL, a prospective randomized study comparing hemofiltration with hemodialysis [abstract no: SAP302]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi333. [CENTRAL: CN‐00653728]
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Righetti 2010 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Righetti M, Filiberti O, Ranghino A, Ferrario G, Milani S, Serbelloni P, et al. Internal hemodiafiltration versus low‐flux bicarbonate dialysis: Results from a long‐term prospective study. International Journal of Artificial Organs 2010;33(11):796‐802. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Righetti M, Filiberti O, Ranghino A, Ferrario G, Servelloni P, Milani S, et al. Internal haemodiafiltration improves many cardiovascular risk factors: results from a long‐term multicenter prospective trial [abstract no: SU375]. World Congress of Nephrology; 2009 May 22‐26; Milan, Italy. 2009.
Santoro 1999 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Poli A, Tessitore N, Panzetta O, Mantovani W, Esteban J, London G, et al. Acetate‐free biofiltration (AFB) and cardiovascular case‐fatality rate (CFR) in incident hemodialysis patients (pts) [abstract no: SU‐PO562]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18(Abstracts Issue):706A.
    1. Santoro A, Panzetta G, Tessitore N, Atti M, Mancini E, Esteban J, et al. A prospective randomised European multicentre study of medium‐long run mortality and morbidity comparing acetate‐free biofiltration and bicarbonate dialysis. Journal of Nephrology 1999;12(6):375‐82. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Santoro A, Panzetta O, Tessitore N, Wizemann V, Perez R, London G, et al. Cardiovascular effects of acetate‐free biofiltration (AFB) and conventional bicarbonate dialysis (BD) in chronic dialysis (CD) patients: a controlled randomized European multicenter study [abstract no: FP360]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi139.
    1. Santoro A, Panzetta O, Tessitore N, Wizemann V, Perez R, Neumann K, et al. A European multicentre RCT on cardiovascular effects of acetate‐free biofiltration (AFB) and conventional bicarbonate dialysis (BD) in chronic dialysis (CD) patients [abstract no: SU‐FC051]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18(Abstracts):78A.
    1. Santoro A, Tessitore N, Panzetta O, Wizemann V, Neumann K, London G, et al. A Controlled Randomized European Multicenter Study (CREMS) on mortality in chronic dialysis (CD) patients: a comparison between acetate‐free biofiltration (AFB) and conventional bicarbonate dialysis (BD) [abstract no: FO033]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi15.
Santoro 2005a {published and unpublished data}
    1. Santoro A, Mancini E, Bibiano L, Specchio A, Francioso A, Robaudo C, et al. Online convective therapies: results from a hemofiltration trial. Contributions to Nephrology 2005;149:51‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Santoro A, Mancini E, Bolzani R, Boggi R, Cagnoli L, Francioso A, et al. The effect of on‐line high‐flux hemofiltration versus low‐flux hemodialysis on mortality in chronic kidney failure: a small randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2008;52(3):507‐18. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Santoro A, Mancini E, MAMHEBI Study Group. Effects of online hemofiltration (OL‐HF) versus bicarbonate dialysis (BD) on mortality and morbidity in hemodialysis (HD) patients: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial (MAMHEBI Study) [abstract no: TH‐FC106]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006;17(Abstracts):24A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00653816]
Schiffl 1992 {published data only}
    1. Schiffl H, D'Agostini B, Held E. Removal of beta‐2 microglobulin by hemodialysis and hemofiltration: a four year follow‐up. Biomaterials, Artificial Cells, & Immobilization Biotechnology 1992;20(5):1223‐32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schiffl 2007 {published data only}
    1. Schiffl H. Prospective randomized cross‐over long‐term comparison of online haemodiafiltration and ultrapure high‐flux haemodialysis. European Journal of Medical Research 2007;12(1):26‐33. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schrander vd Meer 1998 {published data only}
    1. Schrander‐Van der Meer AM, Wee PM, Donker AJ, Dorp WT, Gasthuis K. Improved dialysis efficiency during acetate free biofiltration (AFB) [abstract no: A0858]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1996;7(9):1419. [CENTRAL: CN‐00583169]
    1. Schrander‐vd Meer AM, ter Wee PM, Donker AJ, Dorp WT. Dialysis efficacy during acetate‐free biofiltration. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1998;13(2):370‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Schrander‐vd Meer AM, ter Wee PM, Donker AJ, Dorp WT. Improved dialysis efficiency during acetate free biofiltration [abstract]. Nephrology 1997;3(Suppl 1):S538. [CENTRAL: CN‐00461692]
    1. Schrander‐vd Meer AM, ter Wee PM, Kan G, Donker AJ, Dorp WT. Cardiovascular effects of acetate free biofiltration [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1997;8(Program & Abstracts):172A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00447637]
    1. Schrander‐vd Meer AM, ter Wee PM, Kan G, Donker AJ, Dorp WT. Improved cardiovascular variables during acetate free biofiltration. Clinical Nephrology 1999;51(5):304‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Selby 2006a {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Selby NM, Fluck RJ, Taal MW, McIntyre CW. Acetate‐free double chamber haemodiafiltration (PHF) is associated with improved systemic haemodynamics and lower troponin‐T levels as compared with standard dialysis [abstract no: SP298]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(Suppl 5):v119.
    1. Selby NM, Fluck RJ, Taal MW, McIntyre CW. Effects of acetate‐free double‐chamber hemodiafiltration and standard dialysis on systemic hemodynamics and troponin T levels. ASAIO Journal 2006;52(1):62‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Stefansson 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Stefansson BV, Abramson M, Nilsson U, Haraldsson B. Hemodiafiltration improves plasma 25‐hepcidin levels: a prospective, randomized, blinded, cross‐over study comparing hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration. Nephron Extra 2012;2(1):55‐65. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stefansson BV, Haraldsson B. A prospective, double blinded, randomized, cross‐over study comparing hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration regarding dialysis complications, quality of life and non‐traditional cardiovascular risk factors [abstract no: TH‐PO626]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2008;19(Abstracts Issue):248A.
Teo 1987 {published data only}
    1. Teo KK, Basile C, Ulan RA, Hetherington MD, Kappagoda T. Effects of hemodialysis and hypertonic hemodiafiltration on cardiac function compared. Kidney International 1987;32(3):399‐407. [EMBASE: 1987215388] - PubMed
Todeschini 2002 {published data only}
    1. Todeschini M, Macconi D, Fernandez NG, Ghilardi M, Anabaya A, Binda E, et al. Effect of acetate‐free biofiltration and bicarbonate hemodialysis on neutrophil activation. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2002;40(4):783‐93. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tuccillo 2002 {published data only}
    1. Tuccillo S, Bellizzi V, Catapano F, Iorio B, Esposito L, Giannattasio P, et al. Acute and chronic effects of standard hemodialysis and soft hemodiafiltration on interdialytic serum phosphate levels [Effetti acuti e cronici della emodialisi standard e dell'emodiafiltrazione‐soft sui livelli interdialitici della fosforemia]. Giornale Italiano di Nefrologia 2002;19(4):439‐45. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
TURKISH HDF 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Keller DM. Hemodiafiltration, hemodialysis show similar survival rates. 2011. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/746131 (accessed 26 March 2015).
    1. Ok E, Asci G, Ok ES, Kircelli F, Yilmaz M, Demirci MS, et al. Comparison of post dilution on‐line hemodiafiltration and hemodialysis (Turkish HDF study) [abstract]. NDT Plus 2011;4(Suppl 2):4.2S.1.
    1. Ok E, Asci G, Toz H, Ok ES, Kircelli F, Yilmaz M, et al. Mortality and cardiovascular events in online haemodiafiltration (OL‐HDF) compared with high‐flux dialysis: results from the Turkish OL‐HDF Study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2013;28(1):192‐202. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Vaslaki 2006 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Vaslaki L, Berta K, Ladanyi E, Pethoe F, Karatson A, Misz M, et al. Less need for erythropoietin in on‐line haemodiafiltration compared to haemodialysis [abstract no: MP406]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(Suppl 5):v336.
    1. Vaslaki L, Major L, Berta K, Karatson A, Misz M, Pethoe F, et al. On‐line haemodiafiltration versus haemodialysis: stable haematocrit with less erythropoietin and improvement of other relevant blood parameters. Blood Purification 2006;24(2):163‐73. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Verzetti 1998 {published data only}
    1. Verzetti G, Navino C, Bolzani R, Galli G, Panzetta G. Acetate‐free biofiltration versus bicarbonate haemodialysis in the treatment of patients with diabetic nephropathy: a cross‐over multicentric study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1998;13(4):955‐61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Verzetti G, Navino C, Panzetta G, Galli G, Ortensia A, Odone P, et al. Multicentric trial on acetate‐free biofiltration (AFB) and diabetes [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1995;10(6):1031. [CENTRAL: CN‐00261128]
Ward 2000 {published data only}
    1. Ward RA, Schmidt B, Hillebrand GF, Samtleben W. On‐line hemodiafiltration (HDF) provides better solute removal than high‐flux hemodialysis (hfHD) [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1998;9(Program & Abstracts):186A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00448283] - PubMed
    1. Ward RA, Schmidt B, Hullin J, Hillebrand GF, Samtleben W. A comparison of on‐line hemodiafiltration and high‐flux hemodialysis: a prospective clinical study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2000;11(12):2344‐50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wizemann 2000 {published data only}
    1. Wizemann V, Lotz C, Techert F, Uthoff S. On‐line haemodiafiltration versus low‐flux haemodialysis. A prospective randomized study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2000;15 Suppl 1:43‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adam 1996 {published data only}
    1. Adam S, Gretz N, Hafner G, Ragaller M, Abreu M, Bender HJ. Influence of haemofiltration, ‐diafiltration and ‐dialysis on the elimination of urophanic substances under continuous renal‐replacement‐therapy with high‐reflux‐membranes [abstract]. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 1996;108(Suppl 1):28. [CENTRAL: CN‐00251993]
Ahrenholz 1997 {published data only}
    1. Ahrenholz P, Winkler RE, et al. On‐line hemodiafiltration with pre‐ and post‐dilution: a comparison of efficacy and compatibility [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1997;12(9):A125. [CENTRAL: CN‐00261396]
Ahrenholz 1998 {published data only}
    1. Ahrenholz P, Winkler RE, Ramlow W, Tiess M, Thews O. On‐line hemodiafiltration with pre‐ and postdilution: impact on the acid‐base status. International Journal of Artificial Organs 1998;21(6):321‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ahrenholz 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ahrenholz PG, Winkler RE, Michelsen A, Lang DA, Bowry SK. Dialysis membrane‐dependent removal of middle molecules during hemodiafiltration: the beta2‐microglobulin/albumin relationship. Clinical Nephrology 2004;62(1):21‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Altieri 1997 {published data only}
    1. Altieri P, Sorba GB, Bolasco PG, Bostrom M, Asproni E, Ferrara R, et al. On‐line predilution hemofiltration versus ultrapure high‐flux hemodialysis: a multicenter prospective study in 23 patients. Sardinian Collaborative Study Group of On‐Line Hemofiltration. Blood Purification 1997;15(3):169‐81. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Altieri 1999 {published data only}
    1. Altieri P, Sorba GB, Bolasco PG, Ledebo I, Asproni E, Ferrara R, et al. Predilution hemofiltration vs hemodialysis. Results from prospective crossover multicenter study [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1999;14(9):A224. [CENTRAL: CN‐00520313]
Altieri 2000 {published data only}
    1. Altieri P, Sorba G, Bolasco P, Asproni E, Ledebo I, Bostrom M, et al. Pre‐dilution haemofiltration‐‐the Sardinian multicentre studies: Present and future. The Sardinian Collaborative Study Group on Haemofiltration On‐Line. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2000;15 Suppl 2:55‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Altieri 2001 {published data only}
    1. Altieri P, Sorba G, Bolasco P, Asproni E, Ledebo I, Cossu M, et al. Predilution haemofiltration‐‐the Second Sardinian Multicentre Study: comparisons between haemofiltration and haemodialysis during identical Kt/V and session times in a long‐term cross‐over study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2001;16(6):1207‐13. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Baldamus 1980 {published data only}
    1. Baldamus CA, Knobloch M, Schoeppe, Koch KM. Hemodialysis/hemofiltration: a report of a controlled cross‐over study. International Journal of Artificial Organs 1980;3(4):211‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Baldamus 1982 {published data only}
    1. Baldamus CA, Ernst W, Frei U, Koch KM. Sympathetic and hemodynamic response to volume removal during different forms of renal replacement therapy. Nephron 1982;31(4):324‐32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Baldamus 1985 {published data only}
    1. Baldamus CA, Quellhorst E. Outcome of long‐term hemofiltration. Kidney International ‐ Supplement 1987;17:S41‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Baragett 2003 {published data only}
    1. Baragett I, Bamonti F, Patrosso C, Corghi E, Furiani S, D'Aloja G, et al. Effect of acetate free biofiltration on hyperhomocysteinemia in uremic patients: A cross‐sectional multicenter study. International Journal of Artificial Organs 2003;26(3):256‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Basile 1985 {published data only}
    1. Basile C, Maggio A, Scatizzi A. Acid‐base imbalance correction and dialysis hypoxemia in hypertonic hemodiafiltration (HHDF) [abstract]. Kidney International 1985;28(2):364. [CENTRAL: CN‐00550391]
Basile 1985a {published data only}
    1. Basile C, Maggio A, Scatizzi A. Small and middle molecules removal in hypertonic hemodiafiltration [abstract]. Kidney International 1985;28(2):364. [CENTRAL: CN‐00550396]
Basile 1987 {published data only}
    1. Basile C, Miller JD, Koles ZJ, Grace M, Ulan RA. The effects of dialysis on brain water and EEG in stable chronic uremia. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1987;9(6):462‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Basile 1988 {published data only}
    1. Basile C, Maggio A, Ulan RA, Scatizzi A. Hypertonic hemodiafiltration: a preliminary report on a cross‐over study. Kidney International ‐ Supplement 1988;24:S132‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bazzatto 1988 {published data only}
    1. Bazzato G, Coli U, Landini S, Fracasso A, Righetto F, Scanferla F, et al. Removal of phosphate either by bicarbonate dialysis or biofiltration in uremics. Kidney International ‐ Supplement 1988;24:S180‐3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Beerenhout 2002 {published data only}
    1. Beerenhout CH, Kooman JP, Luik AJ, Jeuken‐Mertens SG, Sande FM, Leunissen KM. Optimizing renal replacement therapy‐‐a case for online filtration therapies?. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17(12):2065‐70. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bolasco 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bolasco P, Altieri P, Sorba G, Cabiddu G, Ferrara R, Serra G, et al. Adequacy in pre‐dilution haemofiltration: Kt/V or infusion volume? The Sardinian Collaborative Study Group on Haemofiltration On‐line. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2000;15 Suppl 2:60‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bonaudo 1998 {published data only}
    1. Bonaudo R, Pacitti A, Amore A, Gianoglio B, Perugin L, Goldoni M, et al. Hemofiltration without heparin [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1998;9(Program & Abstracts):167A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00444479]
Bonomini 2004 {published data only}
    1. Bonomini M, Ballone E, Stante S, Bucciarelli T, Dottori S, Arduini A, et al. Removal of uraemic plasma factor(s) using different dialysis modalities reduces phosphatidylserine exposure in red blood cells. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2004;19(1):68‐74. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bordin 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bordin V, Catalano C, Berto A, Silvestrin G, Landro D, Fabbian F. Determining the prescription for online predilution hemofiltration: Our experience and a review of the literature. Dialysis & Transplantation 2002;31(6):375‐9. [EMBASE: 2002191148]
Bosc 1997 {published data only}
    1. Bosc JY, LeBlanc M, et al. Comparison between high flux cellulose triacetate and high flux polysulfone: a clinical study in hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1997;12(9):A150. [CENTRAL: CN‐00261407]
Bosc 1998 {published data only}
    1. Bosc JY, LeBlanc M, Garred LJ, Marc JM, Foret M, Babinet F, et al. Direct determination of blood recirculation rate in hemodialysis by a conductivity method. ASAIO Journal 1998;44(1):68‐73. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Boscticardo 1981 {published data only}
    1. Bosticardo GM, Triolo G, Basolo B, Belardi P, Bossi P, Aprato A, et al. Hemofiltration: present and future [Emofiltrazione: presente e futuro]. Archivio Per Le Scienze Mediche 1981;138(1):1‐10. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Brink 1995 {published data only}
    1. Brink HS, Friemann AT, Huisman RM, Jong PE. Acetate free biofiltration versus haemodiafiltration: a prospective cross‐over trial [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1995;10(4):572. [CENTRAL: CN‐00444541]
Calo 2007 {published data only}
    1. Calo L, Naso A, Carraro G, Wratten ML, Pagnin E, Bertipaglia L, et al. Effect of hemodiafiltration with on‐line regeneration of ultrafiltrate (HFR) on oxidative stress in dialysis patients [abstract no: SP679]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2006;21(Suppl 4):iv244. - PubMed
    1. Calo LA, Naso A, Carraro G, Wratten ML, Pagnin E, Bertipaglia L, et al. Effect of haemodiafiltration with online regeneration of ultrafiltrate on oxidative stress in dialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(5):1413‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Canaud 1994 {published data only}
    1. Canaud B, Flavier JL, Argiles A, Stec F, NGuyen QV, Bouloux C, et al. Hemodiafiltration with on‐line production of substitution fluid: long‐term safety and quantitative assessment of efficacy. Contributions to Nephrology 1994;108:12‐22. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Canaud 2000 {published data only}
    1. Canaud B, Bosc JY, Leray‐Moragues H, Stec F, Argiles A, Leblanc M, et al. On‐line haemodiafiltration. Safety and efficacy in long‐term clinical practice. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2000;15 Suppl 1:60‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Canaud 2001 {published data only}
    1. Canaud B, Wizemann V, Pizzarelli F, Greenwood R, Schultze G, Weber C, et al. Cellular interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist production in patients receiving on‐line haemodiafiltration therapy. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2001;16(11):2181‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cappelli 1985 {published data only}
    1. Cappelli G, Icardi A, Lamperi S. Biofiltration (BF) versus hemofiltration (HF) in the treatment of chronic uremia [abstract]. Kidney International 1985;28(2):365. [CENTRAL: CN‐00550380] - PubMed
Carozzi 1992 {published data only}
    1. Carozzi S, Nasini MG, Caviglia PM, Schelotto C, Santoni O, Atti M. Acetate free biofiltration. Effects on peripheral blood monocyte activation and cytokine release. ASAIO Journal 1992;38(1):52‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cavalcanti 2004 {published data only}
    1. Cavalcanti S, Ciandrini A, Severi S, Badiali F, Bini S, Gattiani A, et al. Model‐based study of the effects of the hemodialysis technique on the compensatory response to hypovolemia. Kidney International 2004;65(4):1499‐510. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cerulli 2000 {published data only}
    1. Cerulli N, Greca G, Laville M, Palla R, Ramello A, Ghezzi PM, et al. The effect of hemodiafiltration with on‐line endogenous reinfusion (on‐line HFR) on anemia: Design of a European, open, randomised, multicentre trial. European Collaborative Study. Journal of Nephrology 2000;13(1):34‐42. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Champagne 2008 {published data only}
    1. Champagne K, Barre P, Tangri N, Iqbal S, Kimoff RJ. Effect of hemodiafiltration vs conventional hemodialysis on sleep apnea severity and 24‐hour blood pressure level [abstract no: M545]. World Congress of Nephrology; 2009 May 22‐26; Milan, Italy. 2009.
    1. Champagne K, Tangri N, Barre P, Kimoff R. Effect of hemodiafiltration (HDF) vs. conventional hemodialysis (CHD) on sleep apnea (SA) severity: findings of a pilot randomized cross‐over study [abstract no: J14]. American Thoracic Society International Conference; 2008 May 16‐21; Toronto, Canada. 2008:A937.
Chanard 1988 {published data only}
    1. Chanard J, Toupance O, Gillery P, Lavaud S. Evaluation of protein loss during hemofiltration. Kidney International ‐ Supplement 1988;24:S114‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chang 1979 {published data only}
    1. Chang TM, Chirito E, Barre P, Cole C, Lister C, Resurreccion E. Long‐term clinical assessment of combined ACAC hemoperfusion‐ultrafiltration in uremia. Artificial Organs 1979;3(2):127‐31. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chauveau 1993 {published data only}
    1. Chauveau P, Houillier P, Ramdane M, Zins B, Poignet JL, Naret C, et al. Serial determinations of bone mineral density in hemodialyzed patients on acetate free biofiltration [abstract]. 12th International Congress of Nephrology; 1993 Jun 13‐18; Jerusalem, Israel. 1993:468.
Chen 2005c {published data only}
    1. Chen X, Li Z, Wu P, Zhang D, Shen Q, Yu X. B2‐microglobulin and iPTH removal in on‐line hemodiafiltration versus low‐ and high‐flux hemodialysis [abstract no: T‐PO40041]. Nephrology 2005;10(Suppl 1):A185. [CENTRAL: CN‐00782409]
Chiappini 2004 {published data only}
    1. Chiappini MG, Ammann T, Selvaggi G, Bravi M, Traietti P. Effects of different dialysis membranes and techniques on the nutritional status, morbidity and mortality of hemodialysis patients [Effetti di diverse membrane e metodiche dialitiche sullo stato nutrizionale, morbilita e mortalita di pazienti emodializzati]. Giornale Italiano di Nefrologia 2004;21 Suppl 30:S190‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cirillo 2011 {published data only}
    1. Cirillo I, Vaccaro N, Balis D, Redman R, Matzke GR. Influence of continuous venovenous hemofiltration and continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration on the disposition of doripenem. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 2011;55(3):1187‐93. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Collins 1985 {published data only}
    1. Collins AJ, Keshaviah P, Ilstrup KM, Shapiro F. Clinical comparison of hemodialysis and hemofiltration. Kidney International ‐ Supplement 1985;17:S18‐22. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
David 2000 {published data only}
    1. David S, Triolo G, Tessitore N, Gruppo di Studio Collaborativo Europeo HFR on line. EPO response in patients treated by hemodiafiltration with infusion of regenerated ultrafiltrate (on line HFR): a protocol for a multicenter study [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2000;15(9):A163. [CENTRAL: CN‐00460611]
Duranti 2004 {published data only}
    1. Duranti E. Acetate‐free hemodialysis: a feasibility study on a technical alternative to bicarbonate dialysis. Blood Purification 2004;22(5):446‐52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Feliciani 2007 {published data only}
    1. Feliciani A, Riva MA, Zerbi S, Ruggiero P, Plati AR, Cozzi G, et al. New strategies in haemodiafiltration (HDF): prospective comparative analysis between on‐line mixed HDF and mid‐dilution HDF. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(6):1672‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Pedrini LA, Feliciani A, Riva A, Zerbi S, Cozzi G. Middle molecular uremic toxins removal. Prospective comparative study between two new on‐line haemodiafiltration (HDF) techniques: mixed HDF and mid‐dilution HDF [abstract no: SP695]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2006;21(Suppl 4):iv249. [CENTRAL: CN‐00615864]
Fu 2006 {published data only}
    1. Fu R, Gui B, Wang L, Li R, Guo R, Zhang Y. The clinical study on dialysis effect and nutritional status of different dialysis modes. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical Sciences 2006;27(4):414‐6. [EMBASE: 2006447629]
Gerdemann 2002 {published data only}
    1. Gerdemann A, Wagner Z, Solf A, Bahner U, Heidland A, Vienken J, et al. Plasma levels of advanced glycation end products during haemodialysis, haemodiafiltration and haemofiltration: Potential importance of dialysate quality. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17(6):1045‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Giannattasio 2006 {published data only}
    1. Giannattasio P, Minutolo R, Bellizzi V, Iorio BR, Scigliano R, Zamboli P, et al. Effects of efficiency and length of acetate‐free biofiltration session on postdialysis solute rebound. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2006;47(6):1045‐54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Harzallah 2008 {published data only}
    1. Harzallah K, Hichri N, Mazigh C, Tagorti M, Hmida A, Hmida J. Variability of acid‐base status in acetate‐free biofiltration 84% versus bicarbonate dialysis. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases & Transplantation 2008;19(2):215‐21. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hdez‐Jaras 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hdez‐Jaras J, Galan A, Martin J. Kinetics of bicarbonate and acetate: a comparative study between haemodiafiltration in double chamber and high‐flow haemodialysis [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1994;9(10):1512. [CENTRAL: CN‐00261075]
Henderson 1980 {published data only}
    1. Henderson LW. Hemofiltration for the treatment of hypertensions associated with end‐stage renal failure. Artificial Organs 1980;4(2):103‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Higuchi 2004 {published data only}
    1. Higuchi T, Yamamoto C, Kuno T, Okada K, Soma M, Fukuda N, et al. A comparison of bicarbonate hemodialysis, hemodiafiltration, and acetate‐free biofiltration on cytokine production. Therapeutic Apheresis & Dialysis 2004;8(6):460‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hillion 1997 {published data only}
    1. Hillion D, Robine M, et al. Evaluation of a new triacetate membrane in hemodiafiltration (HDF) compared with 5 high performance hemodiafilters [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1997;12(9):A167. [CENTRAL: CN‐00261415]
Hmida 2002 {published data only}
    1. Hmida J, Balma A, Lebben I, Hichri N, Dhahri M. Clinical evaluation of acetate‐free biofiltration at 84 0/00 in patients with chronic renal insufficiency [Evaluation clinique a moyen terme de la technique de biofiltration sans acetate a 84 0/00 chez les malades insuffisants renaux chroniques]. Tunisie Medicale 2002;80(8):473‐84. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ikebe 2006 {published data only}
    1. Ikebe N, Eguchi K, Suzuki K, Miwa N, Mineshima M, Akiba T. Trial of a new haemodiafiltration (HDF): intermittent infusion HDF [abstract no: SP685]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2006;21(Suppl 4):iv246.
Jahn 1981 {published data only}
    1. Jahn H, Schohn D, Schmitt R. Hemodynamic studies in chronic terminal renal insufficiency‐‐Effects of hemodialysis (Hd), hemofiltration (Hf) and ultrafiltration (Uf) procedures [Etudes hemodynamiques au cours de l'insuffisance renale chronique terminale‐‐effets des techniques d'epuration extrarenale]. Nephrologie 1981;2(2):53‐62. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Jose 2008 {published data only}
    1. Jose M, Yu R, Kirkland G. The influence of haemodiafiltration on inflammation, insulin resistance and adipokines [abstract no: 044]. Nephrology 2008;13(Suppl 3):A110.
Joyeux 2009 {published data only}
    1. Joyeux V, Sijpkens Y, Nilsson L, Haddj‐Elmrabet A, Bijvoet AJ. Automated pressure control mode improves middle molecule removal in hemodiafiltration [abstract no: M450]. World Congress of Nephrology; 2009 May 22‐26; Milan, Italy. 2009.
Kanter 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kanter J, Puerta MC, Garcia RP, Gomez JM, Jofre R, Rodriguez PB. On‐line sequential hemodiafiltration (HDF‐OL‐S): a new therapeutic option [Hemodiafiltracion en linea secuencial (HDF‐OL‐S): una nueva opcion terapeutica]. Nefrologia 2008;28(4):433‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Katschnig 1980 {published data only}
    1. Katschnig H, Pogglitsch H, Holzer H. Hemofiltrate dialysis: first experiences with hemofiltrate regeneration by means of dialysis [Hamofiltratdialyse: klinisch‐experimentelle daten zur hamofiltratregeneration mittels dialyse]. Nieren‐und Hochdruckkrankheiten 1980;9(3):132‐5. [EMBASE: 1980220746]
Kim 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kim S, Oh KH, Chin HJ, Na KY, Kim YS, Chae DW, et al. Effective removal of leptin via hemodiafiltration with on‐line endogenous reinfusion therapy. Clinical Nephrology 2009;72(6):442‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kishimoto 1980 {published data only}
    1. Kishimoto T, Yamagami S, Tanaka H, Ohyama T, Yamamoto T, Yamakawa M, et al. Superiority of hemofiltration to hemodialysis for treatment of chronic renal failure: comparative studies between hemofiltration and hemodialysis on dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. Artificial Organs 1980;4(2):86‐93. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Klemm 1997 {published data only}
    1. Klemm A, Sperschneider H, Winnefeld K, Gunther K, Stein G. Comparison of aluminum removal between hemodialysis with polycarbonate low flux membrane and hemofiltration with polysulfone high flux membrane in end‐stage renal failure patients. Clinical Nephrology 1997;47(2):133‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Klingel 2004 {published data only}
    1. Klingel R, Schaefer M, Schwarting A, Himmelsbach F, Altes U, Uhlenbusch‐Korwer I, et al. Comparative analysis of procoagulatory activity of haemodialysis, haemofiltration and haemodiafiltration with a polysulfone membrane (APS) and with different modes of enoxaparin anticoagulation. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2004;19(1):164‐70. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Krieter 2005 {published data only}
    1. Krieter DH, Falkenhain S, Chalabi L, Collins G, Lemke HD, Canaud B. Clinical cross‐over comparison of mid‐dilution hemodiafiltration using a novel dialyzer concept and post‐dilution hemodiafiltration. Kidney International 2005;67(1):349‐56. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Krieter 2008a {published data only}
    1. Krieter DH, Hunn E, Morgenroth A, Lemke HD, Wanner C. Matching efficacy of high‐efficiency HDF in simple HD mode with PUREMA [abstract no: PUB297]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18(Abstracts Issue):894A.
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Krieter 2010 {published data only}
    1. Krieter DH, Hackl A, Rodriguez A, Chenine L, Moragues HL, Lemke HD, et al. Protein‐bound uraemic toxin removal in haemodialysis and post‐dilution haemodiafiltration. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2010;25(1):212‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kuno 1994 {published data only}
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Leber 1980 {published data only}
    1. Leber HW, Wizemann V, Techert F. Simultaneous hemofiltration/hemodialysis (HF/HD): short‐ and long‐term tolerance. Introduction of a system for automatic fluid replacement. Artificial Organs 1980;4(2):108‐12. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Li 1997 {published data only}
    1. Li X, Li M, Liu T, Li L, Duan L, Li Y, et al. Hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration with on‐line production of substitution fluid: clinical observation of safety and effectiveness. Chinese Medical Journal 1997;110(7):520‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lin 2003a {published data only}
    1. Lin CL, Huang CC, Yu CC, Yang HY, Chuang FR, Yang CW. Reduction of advanced glycation end product levels by on‐line hemodiafiltration in long‐term hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2003;42(3):524‐31. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Liomin 1984 {published data only}
    1. Liomin E, Schneider H, Streicher E. Hemodynamics during hemodialysis, hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration using bicarbonate vs acetate buffers [Hamodynamik bei hamodialyse, hamofiltration und hamodiafiltration bikarbonat‐vs azetatpufferung]. Klinische Wochenschrift 1984;62(19):911‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Locatelli 1998 {published data only}
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Lornoy 2001 {published data only}
    1. Lornoy W, Becaus I, Billiouw J, Beckers F, Malderen P, Langenhove P. Comparison of different high flux membranes with on‐line hemodialfiltration [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2001;12(Program & Abstracts):453A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00626021]
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Maeda 1990 {published data only}
    1. Maeda K, Kobayakawa H, Fujita Y, Takai I, Morita H, Emoto Y, et al. Effectiveness of push/pull hemodiafiltration using large‐pore membrane for shoulder joint pain in long‐term dialysis patients. Artificial Organs 1990;14(5):321‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Maggiore 2000 {published data only}
    1. Maggiore Q, Pizzarelli F, Dattolo P, Maggiore U, Cerrai T. Cardiovascular stability during haemodialysis, haemofiltration and haemodiafiltration. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2000;15 Suppl 1:68‐73. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Malberti F, Surian M, Farina M, Vitelli E, Mandolfo S, Guri L, et al. Effect of hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration on uremic neuropathy. Blood Purification 1991;9(5‐6):285‐95. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mastrangelo 1986 {published data only}
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Mesic 2011 {published data only}
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Minutolo 2002 {published data only}
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Mioli 1986 {published data only}
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Mishkin 2002 {published data only}
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Mohini 1989 {published data only}
    1. Mohini R, Michaels R, Trost C, Gron D, Zasuwa G, Dumler F, et al. Comparison of effect of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHEPO) in patients on high flux (HF) vs conventional (C) hemodialysis [abstract]. Kidney International 1989;35(1):256. [CENTRAL: CN‐00782715]
Morena 2006 {published data only}
    1. Morena M, Dupuy A, Taamma R, Tetta C, Cristol J, Canaud B, et al. Convective techniques improve middle substances removal: a randomized cross‐over study comparing hemodialysis and on line hemodiafiltration using HF80 versus FX80 [abstract no: SP697]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2006;21(Suppl 4):iv251.
Movilli 2011 {published data only}
    1. Movilli E, Camerini C, Gaggia P, Poiatti P, Pola A, Viola BF, et al. Effect of post‐dilutional on‐line haemodiafiltration on serum calcium, phosphate and parathyroid hormone concentrations in uraemic patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2011;26(12):4032‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mrowka 1993 {published data only}
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Ohyama 1981 {published data only}
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Pacitti 1993 {published data only}
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Panichi 1998 {published data only}
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Pedrini 2006 {published data only}
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Pizzarelli 2004 {published data only}
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Quellhorst 1983 {published data only}
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Quellhorst 1983a {published data only}
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Ragazzoni 2004 {published data only}
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Ramunni 2006 {published data only}
    1. Ramunni A, Piccolo T, Saracino A, Bitonto G, Coratelli P. Efficacy of hemodiafiltration with endogenous reinfusion (HFR) in reducing amino acids depletion: comparison with bicarbonate dialysis [abstract no: SP693]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2006;21(Suppl 4):iv249.
Rius 2007 {published data only}
    1. Rius A, Hernandez‐Jaras J, Pons R, Garcia Perez H, Torregrosa E, Sanchez Canel JJ, et al. Kinetic of calcium, phosphate, magnesium and PTH variations during hemodiafiltration [Cineica del calcio, fosforo, magnesio y variaciones de la parathormona (PTH) en pacientes en hemodiafiltracion]. Nefrologia 2007;27(5):593‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Sakurai 1990 {published data only}
    1. Sakurai S, Yoshiyama N, Takeuchi H. Acetate‐free biofiltration (AFBF) vs. bicarbonate hemodialysis (BHD): evaluation of short‐time AFBF with various doses of hypertonic bicarbonate solution [abstract]. 11th International Congress of Nephrology; 1990 Jul 15‐20; Tokyo, Japan. 1990:20A.
Santoro 2005 {published data only}
    1. Ferramosca E, Conz P, Cristofaro V, Gaggi R, Grammatico F, Wratten ML, et al. Mid‐dilution hemodiafiltration: a new technique able to maximize the middle molecules removal [abstract no: TH‐PO640]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2005;16:258A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00644157]
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Santoro 2008 {published data only}
    1. Santoro A, London G, Cagnoli L, Mercadal L, Fessy H, Perrone B, et al. Intra‐dialytic potassium (K+) profiling may reduce the risk of cardiac arrhytmias in hemodialysi (HD) patients [abstract no: FP353]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi136. [CENTRAL: CN‐00644249]
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Savoldi 2004 {published data only}
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Shaldon 1998 {published data only}
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Sidoti 2004 {published data only}
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Sirolli 2004 {published data only}
    1. Sirolli V, Cappelli P, Amoroso L, Liberato L, Muscianese P, Brummer U, et al. Haemodiafiltration with on‐line reinfusion of endogenous ultrafiltrate (HFR on‐line) removes uraemic retained solutes causing increased exposure of phosphatidylserine on erythrocyte membrane [abstract]. 41st Congress. European Renal Association. European Dialysis and Transplantation Association; 2004 May 15‐18; Lisbon, Portugal. 2004:383‐4. [CENTRAL: CN‐00509484]
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Spongano 1992 {published data only}
    1. Spongano M, Santoro A, Bolzani R, Ferrari G, Aucella F, Borghi M, et al. Analysis of plasma bicarbonate determinants in acetate‐free biofiltration [Analisi dei determinanti della bicarbonatemia post‐dialitica in biofiltrazione senza acetato (AFB)]. Giornale Italiano di Nefrologia 1992;9(3):131‐7. [EMBASE: 1992221794]
Strujic 2006 {published data only}
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Susantitaphong 2008 {published data only}
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Timio 1986 {published data only}
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Umimoto 2000 {published data only}
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Vantelon 1977 {published data only}
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Vaslaki 1998 {published data only}
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Vaslaki 2000 {published data only}
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Vaslaki 2002 {published data only}
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Vaslaki 2003 {published data only}
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Vaslaki 2005 {published data only}
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