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. 2015 May 19;15(5):11499-510.
doi: 10.3390/s150511499.

Photonic crystal fiber-based surface plasmon resonance sensor with selective analyte channels and graphene-silver deposited core

Ahmmed A Rifat  1 , G Amouzad Mahdiraji  2 , Desmond M Chow  3 , Yu Gang Shee  4 , Rajib Ahmed  5 , Faisal Rafiq Mahamd Adikan  6
Affiliations

Photonic crystal fiber-based surface plasmon resonance sensor with selective analyte channels and graphene-silver deposited core

Ahmmed A Rifat et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

We propose a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with selectively filled analyte channels. Silver is used as the plasmonic material to accurately detect the analytes and is coated with a thin graphene layer to prevent oxidation. The liquid-filled cores are placed near to the metallic channel for easy excitation of free electrons to produce surface plasmon waves (SPWs). Surface plasmons along the metal surface are excited with a leaky Gaussian-like core guided mode. Numerical investigations of the fiber's properties and sensing performance are performed using the finite element method (FEM). The proposed sensor shows maximum amplitude sensitivity of 418 Refractive Index Units (RIU-1) with resolution as high as 2.4 × 10(-5) RIU. Using the wavelength interrogation method, a maximum refractive index (RI) sensitivity of 3000 nm/RIU in the sensing range of 1.46-1.49 is achieved. The proposed sensor is suitable for detecting various high RI chemicals, biochemical and organic chemical analytes. Additionally, the effects of fiber structural parameters on the properties of plasmonic excitation are investigated and optimized for sensing performance as well as reducing the sensor's footprint.

Keywords: optical fiber sensors; optical sensing and sensors; photonic crystal fiber; surface plasmon resonance.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Cross-section of the proposed sensor; (b) Cross-section of the stacked preform.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Dispersion relation of the core-guided mode (green), plasmonic mode (red) and the loss spectrum (blue); inset (a,c) show the electric field of the core-guided mode and inset (b) shows the electric field of the plasmonic mode.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) Loss spectrum of the fundamental mode by increasing analyte RI, na, from 1.46 to 1.49; (b) dispersion relation of the core-guided mode for na = 1.47 (solid lines) and na = 1.49 (dashed lines). Red and blue lines indicate SPP mode and the fundamental core-guided mode respectively. Point (I) and (II) are the phase matching points for analyte na = 1.47 and 1.49.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Amplitude sensitivity as a function of wavelength with the variation of analyte RI.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a) Loss spectrum and (b) amplitude sensitivity vs. wavelength by varying silver thickness, setting analyte RI at na = 1.46.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) Loss spectrum and (b) amplitude sensitivity as a function of wavelength by varying graphene layer thickness (analyte na = 1.46 and silver layer thickness tag = 40 nm).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Loss spectrum vs. wavelength with the variation of (a) metallic core diameter dc, (b) pitch size Λ (analyte RI, na = 1.46) and (c) linear fitting of the fundamental mode resonant wavelength vs. analyte RI.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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