Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2015 May 21;10(5):e0127052.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127052. eCollection 2015.

The Complex Interaction between Home Environment, Socioeconomic Status, Maternal IQ and Early Child Neurocognitive Development: A Multivariate Analysis of Data Collected in a Newborn Cohort Study

Luca Ronfani  1 , Liza Vecchi Brumatti  2 , Marika Mariuz  3 , Veronica Tognin  1 , Maura Bin  1 , Valentina Ferluga  1 , Alessandra Knowles  1 , Marcella Montico  1 , Fabio Barbone  4
Affiliations

The Complex Interaction between Home Environment, Socioeconomic Status, Maternal IQ and Early Child Neurocognitive Development: A Multivariate Analysis of Data Collected in a Newborn Cohort Study

Luca Ronfani et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Background: The relative role of socioeconomic status (SES), home environment and maternal intelligence, as factors affecting child cognitive development in early childhood is still unclear. The aim of this study is to analyze the association of SES, home environment and maternal IQ with child neurodevelopment at 18 months.

Methods: The data were collected prospectively in the PHIME study, a newborn cohort study carried out in Italy between 2007 and 2010. Maternal nonverbal abilities (IQ) were evaluated using the Standard Progressive Matrices, a version of the Raven's Progressive Matrices; a direct evaluation of the home environment was carried out with the AIRE instrument, designed using the HOME (Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment) model; the socioeconomic characteristics were evaluated using the SES index which takes into account parents occupation, type of employment, educational level, homeownership. The study outcome was child neurodevelopment evaluated at 18 months, with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Third Edition (BSID III). Linear regression analyses and mediation analyses were carried out to evaluate the association between the three exposures, and the scaled scores of the three main scales of BSID III (cognitive, language and motor scale), with adjustment for a wide range of potential explanatory variables.

Results: Data from 502 mother-child pairs were analyzed. Mediation analysis showed a relationship between SES and maternal IQ, with a complete mediation effect of home environment in affecting cognitive and language domains. A direct significant effect of maternal IQ on the BSID III motor development scale and the mediation effect of home environment were found.

Conclusions: Our results show that home environment was the variable with greater influence on neurodevelopment at 18 months. The observation of how parents and children interact in the home context is crucial to adequately evaluate early child development.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

References

    1. Tong S, Baghurst P, Vimpani G, McMichael A. Socioeconomic position, maternal IQ, home environment, and cognitive development. J Pediatr. 2007;151: 284–288. - PubMed
    1. Stiles J, Reilly J, Paul B, Moses P. Cognitive development following early brain injury: evidence for neural adaptation. Trends Cogn Sci. 2005;9: 136–143. - PubMed
    1. Walker SP, Wachs TD, Grantham-McGregor S, Black MM, Nelson CA, Huffman SL, et al. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Baker-Henningham%20H%5BAuthor%5.... Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development. Lancet. 2011;378: 1325–1338. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60555-2 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Andrade SA, Santos DN, Bastos AC, Pedromônico MR, de Almeida-Filho N, Barreto ML. Family environment and child's cognitive development: an epidemiological approach. Rev Saude Publica. 2005;39: 606–611. - PubMed
    1. Barlow J. Systematic Review of the effectiveness of parent training in improving behaviour of children aged 3–10 years. Oxford: Health Services Research Unit, University of Oxford; 1999. 10.1002/ebch.1905 - DOI

Publication types