Ecology of free-living metacercariae (Trematoda)

Abstract

The presence of trematodes with a free-living metacercarial stage is a common feature of most habitats and includes important species such as Fasciola hepatica, Parorchis acanthus and Zygocotyle lunata. These trematodes encyst on the surface of an animal or plant that can act as a transport host, which form the diet of the target definitive host. Although these species are often considered individually, they display common characteristics in their free-living biology indicating a shared transmission strategy, yet in comparison to species with penetrative cercariae this aspect of their life cycles remains much overlooked. This review integrates the diverse data and presents a novel synthesis of free-living metacercariae using epibiosis as the basis of a new framework to describe the relationship between transport hosts and parasites. All aspects of their biology during the period that they are metabolically independent of a host are considered, from cercarial emergence to metacercarial excystment.

Keywords: Crustaceans; Epibiosis; Fasciola; Fasciolopsis; Free-living; Metacercariae; Molluscs; Notocotylus; Paramphistomum; Parorchis; Philophthalmus; Plants; Sphaeridiotrema; Zygocotyle.