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. 2015 Aug;167(2):299-304.e3.
doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.04.059. Epub 2015 May 23.

Sedatives and Analgesics Given to Infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Units at the End of Life

Kanecia O Zimmerman  1 , Christoph P Hornik  1 , Lawrence Ku  1 , Kevin Watt  1 , Matthew M Laughon  2 , Margarita Bidegain  3 , Reese H Clark  4 , P Brian Smith  5
Affiliations

Sedatives and Analgesics Given to Infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Units at the End of Life

Kanecia O Zimmerman et al. J Pediatr. 2015 Aug.

Abstract

Objective: To describe the administration of sedatives and analgesics at the end of life in a large cohort of infants in North American neonatal intensive care units.

Study design: Data on mortality and sedative and analgesic administration were from infants who died from 1997-2012 in 348 neonatal intensive care units managed by the Pediatrix Medical Group. Sedatives and analgesics of interest included opioids (fentanyl, methadone, morphine), benzodiazepines (clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam, midazolam), central alpha-2 agonists (clonidine, dexmedetomidine), ketamine, and pentobarbital. We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the association between administration of these drugs on the day of death and infant demographics and illness severity.

Results: We identified 19 726 infants who died. Of these, 6188 (31%) received a sedative or analgesic on the day of death; opioids were most frequently administered, 5366/19 726 (27%). Administration of opioids and benzodiazepines increased during the study period, from 16/283 (6%) for both in 1997 to 523/1465 (36%) and 295/1465 (20%) in 2012, respectively. Increasing gestational age, increasing postnatal age, invasive procedure within 2 days of death, more recent year of death, mechanical ventilation, inotropic support, and antibiotics on the day of death were associated with exposure to sedatives or analgesics.

Conclusions: Administration of sedatives and analgesics increased over time. Infants of older gestational age and those more critically ill were more likely to receive these drugs on the day of death. These findings suggest that drug administration may be driven by severity of illness.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Use of opioids (A) and benzodiazepines (B) on day of death among all sites with >10 deaths.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Exposure to opioids and benzodiazepines by year of death (exposure on the day of death).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Exposure to opioids and benzodiazepines on the day of death by (A) gestational age (weeks) at birth, (B) average annual center volume, and (C) postnatal age (days) at time of death.
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