Identification of embryonic lethal genes in humans by autozygosity mapping and exome sequencing in consanguineous families

Abstract

Background: Identifying genetic variants that lead to discernible phenotypes is the core of Mendelian genetics. An approach that considers embryonic lethality as a bona fide Mendelian phenotype has the potential to reveal novel genetic causes, which will further our understanding of early human development at a molecular level. Consanguineous families in which embryonic lethality segregates as a recessive Mendelian phenotype offer a unique opportunity for high throughput novel gene discovery as has been established for other recessive postnatal phenotypes.

Results: We have studied 24 eligible families using autozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing. In addition to revealing mutations in genes previously linked to embryonic lethality in severe cases, our approach revealed seven novel candidate genes (THSD1, PIGC, UBN1, MYOM1, DNAH14, GALNT14, and FZD6). A founder mutation in one of these genes, THSD1, which has been linked to vascular permeability, accounted for embryonic lethality in three of the study families. Unlike the other six candidate genes, we were able to identify a second mutation in THSD1 in a family with a less severe phenotype consisting of hydrops fetalis and persistent postnatal edema, which provides further support for the proposed link between this gene and embryonic lethality.

Conclusions: Our study represents an important step towards the systematic analysis of "embryonic lethal genes" in humans.

Fig. 1

Workflow of the study

Fig. 2

a Pedigrees of the two families that generated linkage to THSD1 (index boxed in red). b Genome-wide linkage analysis showing a single significant peak (red arrow) that spans the THSD1 locus. c Cartoon of the THSD1 gene and protein with the location of the two identified mutations marked. The missense mutation replaces a highly conserved amino acid across species