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. 2015 Jun 15;20(6):11090-102.
doi: 10.3390/molecules200611090.

Anthocyanin and Carotenoid Contents in Different Cultivars of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat.) Flower

Chang Ha Park  1 , Soo Cheon Chae  2 , Soo-Yun Park  3 , Jae Kwang Kim  4 , Yong Joo Kim  5 , Sun Ok Chung  6 , Mariadhas Valan Arasu  7 , Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi  7 , Sang Un Park  8   9
Affiliations

Anthocyanin and Carotenoid Contents in Different Cultivars of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat.) Flower

Chang Ha Park et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

The flowers of twenty-three cultivars of Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat. were investigated to determine anthocyanin and carotenoid levels and to confirm the effects of the pigments on the flower colors using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The cultivars contained the anthocyanins cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3g) and cyanidin 3-(3"-malonoyl) glucoside (C3mg) and the following carotenoids: lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, 13-cis-β-carotene, α-carotene, trans-β-carotene, and 9-cis-β-carotene. The cultivar "Magic" showed the greatest accumulation of total and individual anthocyanins, including C3g and C3gm. On the other hand, the highest level of lutein and zeaxanthin was noted in the cultivar "Il Weol". The cultivar "Anastasia" contained the highest amount of carotenoids such as trans-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene, and 13-cis-β-carotene. The highest accumulation of β-cryptoxanthin and α-carotene was noted in the cultivar "Anastasia" and "Il Weol". Our results suggested that 'Magic", "Angel" and "Relance' had high amounts of anthocyanins and showed a wide range of red and purple colors in their petals, whereas "Il Weol', "Popcorn Ball' and "Anastasia" produced higher carotenoid contents and displayed yellow or green petal colors. Interestingly, "Green Pang Pang", which contained a high level of anthocyanins and a medium level of carotenoids, showed the deep green colored petals. "Kastelli", had high level of carotenoids as well as a medium level of anthocyanins and showed orange and red colored petals. It was concluded that each pigment is responsible for the petal's colors and the compositions of the pigments affect their flower colors and that the cultivars could be a good source for pharmaceutical, floriculture, and pigment industries.

Keywords: 13-cis-β-carotene; 9-cis-β-carotene; Dendranthema grandiflorum; chrysanthemum; cyanidin 3-(3ʺ-malonoyl) glucoside; cyanidin 3-glucoside; lutein; trans-β-carotene; zeaxanthin; α-carotene; β-cryptoxanthin.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
HPLC chromatogram of an anthocyanin profile of Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat. Peak Identification: 1, Cyanidin 3-glucoside; 2, Cyanidin 3-(3ʹʹ-malonoyl)glucoside; 3, Unknown compound. Refer to Table 1 for the identification of each numbered peak.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Twenty-three Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat. cultivars.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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