Are human endogenous retroviruses triggers of autoimmune diseases? Unveiling associations of three diseases and viral loci

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases encompass a plethora of conditions in which the immune system attacks its own tissue, identifying them as foreign. Multiple factors are thought to contribute to the development of immune response to self, including differences in genotypes, hormonal milieu, and environmental factors. Viruses including human endogenous retroviruses have long been linked to the occurrence of autoimmunity, but never proven to be causative factors. Endogenous viruses are retroviral sequences embedded in the host germline DNA and transmitted vertically through successive generations in a Mendelian manner. In this study by means of genetic epidemiology, we have searched for the involvement of endogenous retroviruses in three selected autoimmune diseases: multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis. We found that at least one human endogenous retroviral locus was associated with each of the three diseases. Although there was a significant overlap, most loci only occurred in one of the studied disease. Remarkably, within each disease, there was a statistical interaction (synergy) between two loci. Additional synergy between retroviral loci and human lymphocyte antigens is reported for multiple sclerosis. We speculate the possibility that recombinants or mixed viral particles are formed and that the resulting viruses stimulate the innate immune system, thereby initiating the autoimmune response.

Keywords: Multiple sclerosis; Rheumatoid arthritis; Single nucleotide polymorphisms; Synergy; Type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Fig. 1

Synergy between markers of HERV-K13 and HERV-Fc1 in multiple sclerosis. For simplicity, men were depicted as homozygous although they really are hemizygous for rs391745. The columns represent the odds ratio for easy genotype combination, while the numbers over each column give the number of cases and controls for each genotype combination