Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2015 Jun 26;2015(6):CD011159.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011159.pub2.

Mobile phone-based interventions for improving contraception use

Chris Smith  1 , Judy Gold, Thoai D Ngo, Colin Sumpter, Caroline Free
Affiliations

Mobile phone-based interventions for improving contraception use

Chris Smith et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

Abstract

Background: Contraception provides significant benefits for women's and children's health, yet an estimated 225 million women had an unmet need for modern contraceptive methods in 2014. Interventions delivered by mobile phone have been demonstrated to be effective in other health areas, but their effects on use of contraception have not been established.

Objectives: To assess the effects of mobile phone-based interventions for improving contraception use.

Search methods: We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of client-provider interventions delivered by mobile phone to improve contraception use compared with standard care or another intervention. We searched the electronic databases Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, PsycINFO, POPLINE, Africa-Wide Information and Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) from January 1993 to October 2014, as well as clinical trials registries, online mHealth resources and abstracts from key conferences.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials of mobile phone-based interventions to improve any form of contraception use amongst users or potential users of contraception. Outcome measures included uptake of contraception, measures of adherence, pregnancy and abortion.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts of studies retrieved using the search strategy and extracted data from the included studies. We calculated the Mantel-Haenszel risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and the mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes, together with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Differences in interventions and outcome measures did not permit us to undertake meta-analysis.

Main results: Five RCTs met our inclusion criteria. Three trials aimed to improve adherence to a specific method of contraception amongst existing or new contraception users by comparing automated text message interventions versus standard care. Two trials aimed to improve both uptake and adherence, not limited to one method, in both users and non-users of contraception. No trials were at low risk of bias in all areas assessed.One trial in the USA reported improved self reported oral contraceptive (OC) continuation at six months from an intervention comprising a range of uni-directional and interactive text messages (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.35). One trial in Cambodia reported increased self reported use of effective contraception at four months post abortion from an intervention comprising automated interactive voice messages and phone counsellor support (RR 1.39, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.66).One feasibility trial in the USA reported a lower mean number of days between scheduled and completed attendance for the first but not subsequent Depo-Provera appointments using clinic records from an intervention comprising reminders and healthy self management text messages (mean difference (MD) -8.60 days, 95% CI -16.74 to -0.46). Simple text message OC reminders had no effect on missed pills as assessed by electronic medication monitoring in a small trial in the USA (MD 0.5 missed pills, 95% CI -1.08 to 2.08). No effect on self reported contraception use was noted amongst isotretinoin users from an intervention that provided health information via two uni-directional text messages and mail (RR 1.26, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.89). One trial assessed potential adverse effects of the intervention and reported no evidence of road traffic accidents or domestic abuse.

Authors' conclusions: Our review provides limited evidence that interventions delivered by mobile phone can improve contraception use. Whilst evidence suggests that a series of interactive voice messages and counsellor support can improve post-abortion contraception, and that a mixture of uni-directional and interactive daily educational text messages can improve OC adherence, the cost-effectiveness and long-term effects of these interventions remain unknown. Further high-quality trials are required to robustly establish the effects of interventions delivered by mobile phone to improve contraception use.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Daily educational text messages vs no messages, Outcome 1 OC use (continuation) at 6 months.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Daily educational text messages vs no messages, Outcome 2 OC use (continuation) : follow up 187 d or less.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Daily educational text messages vs no messages, Outcome 3 OC use (continuation): follow up 188 d or more.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Daily educational text messages vs no messages, Outcome 4 No OC interruptions > 7 days at 6 months.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Daily educational text messages vs no messages, Outcome 5 Missed no pills in last month.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Daily educational text messages vs no messages, Outcome 6 OC use at last intercourse.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Daily text message reminders vs no reminders, Outcome 1 Mean number of missed pills (cycle 1).
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Daily text message reminders vs no reminders, Outcome 2 Mean number of missed pills (cycle 3).
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Daily text message reminders vs no reminders, Outcome 3 Condom use for at least 50% of coital activity during the study (self report).
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Daily text message reminders vs no reminders, Outcome 4 Emergency contraception use during the study.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Daily text message reminders vs no reminders, Outcome 5 Pregnancy reported during the study.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Daily text message appointment reminders 72 hours before appointment + healthy self management messages vs standard care, Outcome 1 Mean number of days between scheduled appointment and completed visit: first visit.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Daily text message appointment reminders 72 hours before appointment + healthy self management messages vs standard care, Outcome 2 Mean number of days between scheduled appointment and completed visit: third visit.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Voice messages and counsellor support vs standard care, Outcome 1 Effective contraception use at 4 months.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Voice messages and counsellor support vs standard care, Outcome 2 Long‐acting contraception use at 4 months.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Voice messages and counsellor support vs standard care, Outcome 3 Effective contraception use over 4 month post‐abortion period.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Voice messages and counsellor support vs standard care, Outcome 4 Repeat pregnancy at 4 months.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 Voice messages and counsellor support vs standard care, Outcome 5 Repeat abortion at 4 months.
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 Voice messages and counsellor support vs standard care, Outcome 6 Road traffic accident.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 Voice messages and counsellor support vs standard care, Outcome 7 Domestic abuse.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Contraceptive information via text messages and mail at 1 and 2 months vs standard care, Outcome 1 Contraceptive use during treatment with isotretinoin.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Contraceptive information via text messages and mail at 1 and 2 months vs standard care, Outcome 2 Use of 2 contraceptives.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Contraceptive information via text messages and mail at 1 and 2 months vs standard care, Outcome 3 Sexually active and not using contraceptive.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

References to studies included in this review

Castano 2012 {published data only}
    1. Castano P, Bynum J, Andres R, Lara M, Westhoff C. Effect of daily text messages on oral contraceptive continuation: a randomised controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2012;119(1):14‐20. [DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823d4167] - DOI - PubMed
Hou 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hou M, Hurwitz S, Kavanagh E, Fortin J, Goldberg A. Using daily text‐message reminders to improve adherence with oral contraceptives: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2010;116(3):633‐40. [DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181eb6b0f] - DOI - PubMed
Smith 2014 {unpublished data only}
    1. Smith C, Ngo T, Gold J, Vannak U, Ly S, Free C. MObile Technology for Improved Family Planning (MOTIF): a single blind randomised trial of a mobile phone‐based intervention to support post‐abortion family planning. Under review. - PMC - PubMed
Trent 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Trent M, Tomaszewski K. Family planning appointment attendance among urban youth: results from the depotext trial. Journal of Adolescent Health 2013;52(2):S88. [DOI: ]
Tsur 2008 {published data only}
    1. Tsur L, Kozer E, Berkovitch M. The effect of drug consultation center guidance on contraceptive use among women using isotretinoin: a randomized, controlled study. Journal of Women's Health 2008;17(4):579‐84. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2007.0623] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Bannink 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bannink R, Broeren S, Joosten‐van Zwanenburg E, As E, Looij‐Jansen P, Raat H. Effectiveness of a web‐based tailored intervention (E‐health4Uth) and consultation to promote adolescents' health: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2014;16(5):e143. [DOI: 10.2196/jmir.3163] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Berenson 2012 {published data only}
    1. Berenson A, Rahman M. A randomized controlled study of two educational interventions on adherence with oral contraceptives and condoms. Contraception 2012;86(6):716‐24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.06.007] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bracken 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bracken H, Lohr P, Taylor J, Morroni C, Winikoff B. RU OK? The acceptability and feasibility of remote technologies for follow‐up after early medical abortion. Contraception 2014;90(1):29‐35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2014.03.016] - DOI - PubMed
Constant 2014 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Constant D, Tolly K, Harries J, Myer L. Mobile phone messages to provide support to women during the home phase of medical abortion in South Africa: a randomised controlled trial. Contraception 2014;90(3):226‐33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2014.04.009] - DOI - PubMed
Gold 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gold J, Aitken C, Dixon H, Lim M, Gouillou M, Spelman T, et al. A randomised controlled trial using mobile advertising to promote safer sex and sun safety to young people. Health Education Research 2011;26(5):782‐94. [DOI: 10.1093/her/cyr020] - DOI - PubMed
Hall 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hall K, Westhoff C, Castano P. The impact of an educational text message intervention on young urban women's knowledge of oral contraception. Contraception 2013;87(4):449‐54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.09.004] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Juzang 2011 {published data only}
    1. Juzang I, Fortune T, Black S, Wright E, Bull S. A pilot programme using mobile phones for HIV prevention. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2011;17(3):150‐3. [DOI: 10.1258/jtt.2010.091107] - DOI - PubMed
Kaoaiem 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kaoaiem H. The effect of squad leader mentors through short message services for mobile phones in promoting safe sex among first (central) army area conscripts of Thailand. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2012;95(2):249‐56. [PUBMED: 22435256] - PubMed
Katz 2011 {published data only}
    1. Katz K, Rodan M, Milligan R, Tan S, Courtney L, Gantz M, et al. Efficacy of a randomized cell phone‐based counseling intervention in postponing subsequent pregnancy among teen mothers. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2011;15:S42‐S53. [DOI: 10.1007/s10995-011-0860-3] - DOI - PubMed
Kirby 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kirby D, Raine T, Yuen C, Sokoloff A, Potter S. Impact of an intervention to improve contraceptive use through follow‐up phone calls to female adolescent clinic patients. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 2010;42(1):251‐7. [DOI: 10.1363/4225110.] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
L'Engle 2013 {published data only}
    1. L'Engle K, Vahdat H, Ndakidemi E, Lasway C, Zan T. Evaluating feasibility, reach and potential impact of a text message family planning information service in Tanzania. Contraception 2013;87(2):251‐6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.07.009] - DOI - PubMed
Lim 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lim M, Hocking J, Aitken C, Fairley C, Jordan L, Lewis J, et al. Impact of text and email messaging on the sexual health of young people: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2012;66(1):69‐74. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.2009.100396] - DOI - PubMed
Mackenzie 2009 {published data only}
    1. Mackenzie H. A text messaging trial in family planning clinics. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 2009;146:154‐9. [PUBMED: 19592826] - PubMed
O'Sullivan 2008 {published data only}
    1. O'Sullivan G. The Saathiya trusted partner program in India: meeting young couples' reproductive health needs. Social Marketing Quarterly 2008;14(3):109‐20. [DOI: 10.1080/15245000802261324] - DOI
Sridhar 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sridhar A, Chen A, Glik D. Plan a birth control: randomized controlled trial of a mobile health application. Abstracts / Contraception 2013;88:463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2013.05.125] - DOI
Suffoletto 2013 {published data only}
    1. Suffoletto B, Akers A, McGinnis K, Calabria J, Wiesenfeld H, Clark D. A sex risk reduction text‐message program for young adult females discharged from the emergency department. Journal of Adolescent Health 2013;53(3):387‐93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.04.006] - DOI - PubMed
Walakira 2013 {published data only}
    1. Walakira B, Lubaale Y, Balidawa F, Nalule S, Githinji F. Can mobile phone text messaging increase uptake of family planning services in Uganda?. Measure Evaluation 2013. [http://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/publications/wp‐13‐135]

References to ongoing studies

Johnson 2014 {unpublished data only}
    1. Johnson D, Riley P, Juras R, Choi S, L'Engle K, Okello F. m4RH impact evaluation. Presentation at the Global mHealth forum: http://www.mhealthsummit.org/globalmhealthforum. Washington DC, 2014.
NCT01401816 {published data only}
    1. NCT01401816. Advanced provision of emergency contraception: utilizing technology to increase prescription fill rates. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01401816 (accessed 9 October 2014).
NCT01545609 {published data only}
    1. NCT01545609. A trial assessing the effectiveness of text messages in improving continuation of birth control (BC 2U). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01545609 (accessed 22 Jan 2015).
NCT02093884 {published data only}
    1. NCT02093884. A pilot study using text messaging to communicate with adolescent females in the pediatric emergency department (T2I). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02093884 (accessed 9 October 2014).

Additional references

Abraham 2008
    1. Abraham C, Michie S. A taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions. Health Psychology 2008;27(3):379‐87. - PubMed
Ali 2010
    1. Ali M, Cleland J. Contraceptive switching after method‐related discontinuation: levels and differentials. Studies in Family Planning 2010;41(2):129‐33. - PubMed
Bastawrous 2012
    1. Bastawrous A, Cheeseman R, Kumar A. iPhones for eye surgeons. Eye 2012;26(3):343‐54. - PMC - PubMed
Bradley 2009
    1. Bradley S, Schwandt H, Khan S. Levels, trends, and reasons for contraceptive discontinuation. DHS Analytical studies 20: Measure DHS; 2009 Sept. Publication ID: AS20.
Bullen 2013
    1. Bullen P. Operational challenges in the Cambodian mHealth revolution. Journal of Mobile Technology in Medicine 2013;2(2):20‐3.
Car 2012
    1. Car J, Gurol‐Urganci I, Jongh T, Vodopivec‐Jamsek V, Atun R. Mobile phone messaging reminders for attendance at healthcare appointments. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007458.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
CDC 2015
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Injury Prevention & Control: Motor Vehicle Safety. http://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/distracted_driving/ (accessed 5 May 2015).
Cleland 2012
    1. Cleland J, Conde‐Agudelo A, Peterson H, Ross J, Tsui A. Contraception and health. Lancet 2012;380(9837):149‐56. - PubMed
Constant 2010
    1. Constant D, Tolley K. M‐assist: mobile in medical abortion. www.cell‐life.org/projects/m‐assist/ (accessed 19 December 2013).
CycleTel 2011
    1. CycleTel: The first family planning method via mobile phone. www.cycletel.org (accessed December 2013).
Darroch 2013
    1. Darroch J, Singh S. Trends in contraceptive need and use in developing countries in 2003, 2008, and 2012: an analysis of national surveys. Lancet 2013;381(9879):1756‐62. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60597-8] - DOI - PubMed
Free 2010
    1. Free C, Phillips G, Felix L, Galli L, Patel V, Edwards P. The effectiveness of M‐health technologies for improving health and health services: a systematic review protocol. BMC Research Notes 2010;3(1):250. [http://biomedcentral.com/1756‐0500/3/250] - PMC - PubMed
Free 2011
    1. Free C, Knight R, Robertson S, Whittaker R, Edwards P, Zhou W. Smoking cessation support delivered via mobile phone text messaging (txt2stop): a single‐blind, randomised trial. Lancet 2011;378(9785):49‐55. - PMC - PubMed
Free 2013a
    1. Free C, Phillips G, Galli L, Watson L, Felix L, Edwards P, et al. The effectiveness of mobile‐health technology‐based health behaviour change or disease management interventions for health care consumers: a systematic review. PLoS Medicine 2013;10(1):e1001362. - PMC - PubMed
Free 2013b
    1. Free C, Phillips G, Watson L, Galli L, Felix L, Edwards P, et al. The effectiveness of mobile‐health technologies to improve health care service delivery processes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Plos Medicine 2013;10(1):e1001363. - PMC - PubMed
Guerriero 2013
    1. Guerriero C, Cairns J, Roberts I, Rodgers A, Whittaker R, Free C. The cost‐effectiveness of smoking cessation support delivered by mobile phone text messaging: txt2stop. The European Journal of Health Economics 2013;14(5):789‐97. - PMC - PubMed
Hall 2010
    1. Hall K, White K, Reame N, Westhoff C. Studying the use of oral contraception: a review of measurement approaches. Journal of Women's Health 2010;19(12):2203‐9. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Halpern 2013
    1. Halpern V, Lopez L, Grimes D, Stockton L, Gallo M. Strategies to improve adherence and acceptability of hormonal methods of contraception (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004317.pub4] - DOI - PubMed
Haynes 2008
    1. Haynes R, Ackloo E, Sahota N, McDonald H, Yao X. Interventions for enhancing medication adherence (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000011.pub3] - DOI - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. www.cochrane‐handbook.org. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration.
Horvath 2012
    1. Horvath T, Azman H, Kennedy GE, Rutherford GW. Mobile phone text messaging for promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009756] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kallander 2013
    1. Kallander K, Tibenderana J, Akpogheneta O, Strachan D, Hill Z, Asbroek A, et al. Mobile health (mHealth) approaches and lessons for increased performance and retention of community health workers in low‐ and middle‐income countries: a review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2013;15(1):e17. - PMC - PubMed
Kellon 2012
    1. Kellon L. Texting SMS pioneer Matti Makkonen 20 years on. www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology‐20555620 (accessed 19 December 2013).
L'engle 2013
    1. L'Engle K, Vahdat H, Ndakidemi E, Lasway C, Zan T. Evaluating feasibility, reach and potential impact of a text message family planning information service in Tanzania. Contraception 2013;87(2):251‐6. - PubMed
Lester 2010
    1. Lester R, Ritvo P, Mills E, Kariri A, Karanja S, Chung M, et al. Effects of a mobile phone short message service on antiretroviral treatment adherence in Kenya (WelTel Kenya1): a randomised trial. Lancet 2010;376(9755):1838‐45. - PubMed
MAMA 2013
    1. MAMA: Mobile Alliance for Maternal Action. The power of health in every mama's hand. http://mobilemamaalliance.org (accessed 19 December 2013).
Mechael 2010
    1. Mechael P, Batavia H, Kaonga N, Searle S, Kwan A, Goldberger A, et al. Barriers and gaps affecting mHealth in low and middle income countries: policy white paper. Centre for Global Health and Economic Development, Earth Institute, Columbia University, May 2010.
National Safety Council 2015
    1. National Safety Council. The problem of cell phone distracted driving. http://www.nsc.org/learn/NSC‐Initiatives/Pages/distracted‐driving‐proble... (accessed on 5 May 2015).
NCT01641380
    1. NCT01641380. Meaningful use of technology to improve health care delivery (DepoText). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01641380 (accessed 9 October 2014).
Newell 1992
    1. Newell D. Intention‐to‐treat analysis: implications for quantitative and qualitative research. International Journal of Epidemiology 1992;21(5):837‐41. - PubMed
Pop‐Eleches 2011
    1. Pop‐Eleches C, Thirumurthy H, Habyarimana JP, Zivin JG, Goldstein MP, Walque D, et al. Mobile phone technologies improve adherence to antiretroviral treatment in a resource‐limited setting: a randomised controlled trial of text message reminders. AIDS 2011;25(6):825‐34. - PMC - PubMed
Rodgers 2005
    1. Rodgers A, Corbett T, Bramley D, Riddell T, Wills M, Lin R, et al. Do u smoke after txt? Results of a randomised trial of smoking cessation using mobile phone text messaging. Tobacco Control 2005;14(4):255‐61. - PMC - PubMed
Rothman 2000
    1. Rothman K. Epidemiological evidence on health risks of cellular telephones. Lancet 2000;356(9244):1837‐40. - PubMed
Shet 2014
    1. Shet A, Costa A, Kumarasamy N, Rodrigues R, Rewari B, Ashorn P, et al. Effect of mobile telephone reminders on treatment outcome in HIV: evidence from a randomised controlled trial in India. British Medical Journal 2014;347:1‐11. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Singh 2009
    1. Singh S, Darroch J, Ashford L, Vlassoff M. Adding It Up: The Costs and Benefits of Investing in Family Planning and Maternal and Newborn Health. New York: Guttmacher Institute and UNFPA, 2009.
Singh 2014
    1. Singh S, Darroch JE, Ashford LS. Adding It Up: Costs and Benefits of Investing in Sexual and Reproductive Health 2014. New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2014. [http://www. guttmacher.org/pubs/AIU‐2012‐estimates.pdf]
Smith 2013
    1. Smith C, Uk V, Ly S, Ngo T, Gold G, Khut K, et al. MObile technology for improved family planning services (MOTIF): study protocol for a randomised control trial. Trials 2013; Vol. 14, issue 427:1‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Stuart 2009
    1. Stuart G, Grimes D. Social desirability bias in family planning studies: a neglected problem. Contraception 2009;80:108‐12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2009.02.009] - DOI - PubMed
UNICEF 2011
    1. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Adolescence: an age of opportunity. http://www.unicef.org/sowc2011/pdfs/SOWC‐2011‐Main‐Report_EN_02092011.pdf (accessed 11 May 2015).
Upadhyay 2009
    1. Upadhyay N, Kokalj Kokot M, Kokalj Kokot M, Car J, Svab I. Mobile phone messaging ‐ a telemedicine for people with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006393] - DOI
Westoff 2012
    1. Westoff CF. Unmet need for modern contraceptive methods. DHS Analytical Studies 28: Office of Population Research, Princeton University; 2012 Sept. Publication ID: AS28.
Whittaker 2009
    1. Whittaker R, Borland R, Bullen C, Lin RB, McRobbie H, Rodgers A. Mobile phone‐based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006611.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
WHO 2011
    1. World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research (WHO/RHR) and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/Center for Communication Programs (CCP), Knowledge for Health Project. Family Planning: A Global Handbook for Providers [2011 update]. Baltimore and Geneva: CCP and WHO, 2011.
WHO 2013
    1. World Health Organization. Family Planning. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs351/en/ (accessed 10 June 2014).
Williamson 2013
    1. Williamson J. SMS 4 SRH: Using mobile phones to reduce barriers to youth access to sexual and reproductive health services and information. Marie Stopes International, 2013. http://www.msi‐us.org/sites/www.msi‐us.org/files/SMS 4 SRH %282013 11 13%29.pdf.

Publication types

Substances