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Review
. 2015 Oct:87:204-25.
doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.002. Epub 2015 Jun 24.

Signaling and stress: The redox landscape in NOS2 biology

Douglas D Thomas  1 , Julie L Heinecke  2 , Lisa A Ridnour  2 , Robert Y Cheng  2 , Aparna H Kesarwala  3 , Christopher H Switzer  2 , Daniel W McVicar  4 , David D Roberts  5 , Sharon Glynn  6 , Jon M Fukuto  7 , David A Wink  8 , Katrina M Miranda  9
Affiliations
Review

Signaling and stress: The redox landscape in NOS2 biology

Douglas D Thomas et al. Free Radic Biol Med. 2015 Oct.

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) has a highly diverse range of biological functions from physiological signaling and maintenance of homeostasis to serving as an effector molecule in the immune system. However, deleterious as well as beneficial roles of NO have been reported. Many of the dichotomous effects of NO and derivative reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can be explained by invoking precise interactions with different targets as a result of concentration and temporal constraints. Endogenous concentrations of NO span five orders of magnitude, with levels near the high picomolar range typically occurring in short bursts as compared to sustained production of low micromolar levels of NO during immune response. This article provides an overview of the redox landscape as it relates to increasing NO concentrations, which incrementally govern physiological signaling, nitrosative signaling and nitrosative stress-related signaling. Physiological signaling by NO primarily occurs upon interaction with the heme protein soluble guanylyl cyclase. As NO concentrations rise, interactions with nonheme iron complexes as well as indirect modification of thiols can stimulate additional signaling processes. At the highest levels of NO, production of a broader range of RNS, which subsequently interact with more diverse targets, can lead to chemical stress. However, even under such conditions, there is evidence that stress-related signaling mechanisms are triggered to protect cells or even resolve the stress. This review therefore also addresses the fundamental reactions and kinetics that initiate signaling through NO-dependent pathways, including processes that lead to interconversion of RNS and interactions with molecular targets.

Keywords: Breast cancer; Cancer biology; Cell signaling; Free radicals; Nitric oxide; Nitric oxide synthase.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Components of the redox landscape. Cellular signaling includes physiological, stress-related and return to homeostasis signaling.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Elucidation of NO levels and signaling mechanisms from NO donors in the Petri dish
Figure 3
Figure 3
Chemical sources of N2O3
Figure 4
Figure 4
Three major mechanisms for formation of RSNOs
Figure 5
Figure 5
Nitroxyl (HNO) and thiols as novel signaling species
Figure 6
Figure 6
The interplay between H2S/persulfides and RNS
Figure 7
Figure 7
Examples of non-cGMP signaling by NO
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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