M13 Bacteriophage-Based Self-Assembly Structures and Their Functional Capabilities

Abstract

Controlling the assembly of basic structural building blocks in a systematic and orderly fashion is an emerging issue in various areas of science and engineering such as physics, chemistry, material science, biological engineering, and electrical engineering. The self-assembly technique, among many other kinds of ordering techniques, has several unique advantages and the M13 bacteriophage can be utilized as part of this technique. The M13 bacteriophage (Phage) can easily be modified genetically and chemically to demonstrate specific functions. This allows for its use as a template to determine the homogeneous distribution and percolated network structures of inorganic nanostructures under ambient conditions. Inexpensive and environmentally friendly synthesis can be achieved by using the M13 bacteriophage as a novel functional building block. Here, we discuss recent advances in the application of M13 bacteriophage self-assembly structures and the future of this technology.

Keywords: Biocompatibility; M-13 bacteriophage; genetic engineering; self-assembly..

Fig. (1)

Unidirectional alignment of the M13 virus on the graphene oxide (GO) surface (2-D structure). (a) Interaction between the GObinding peptide with the functionalized edge of GO. (b) Alignment of the bacteriophage [29]. Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Reproduced with permission.

Fig. (2)

Fabrication of the M13/PANI composite with/without SWNTs [35]. Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Reproduced with permission.

Fig. (3)

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of PANI film with a virus-template and calculated pore size distribution [35]. Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Reproduced with permission.

Fig. (4)

(a) Schematic procedure of metal oxide synthesis on the viral template, (b), and (c) mass difference between samples [54]. Copyright ACS publication. Reproduced with permission.

Fig. (5)

Schematic diagram and TEM images of virus template-BTO formation [65]. Copyright ACS publication. Reproduced with permission.

Fig. (6)

Virus-based nanogenerator and experimental set up [33]. Copyright nature publishing group. Reproduced with permission.

Fig. (7)

Structures and mechanisms of TiO2 DSSC based on a virus-template with/without Au NPs [75]. Copyright ACS publication. Reproduced with permission.

Fig. (8)

M13 bacteriophage display with target peptide (a), and ECM fabrication process through LBL (b) [81]. Copyright nature publishing group. Reproduced with permission.

Fig. (9)

RGD display to the pVIII major coat protein on M13 bacteriophage (top) and scaffold fabrication through 3-D priming with RGDphage and chitosan (bottom) [85]. Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Reproduced with permission.

Fig. (10)

Fabrication of phage film by the pulling method (a), changing colors by changes in humidity (b-e) [100]. Copyright nature publishing group. Reproduced with permission.

Fig. (11)

TNT specific-targeted phage display (a), gas phase TNT detection (b and c) and selective sensing between each TNT, DNT, and MNT (d) [100]. Copyright nature publishing group. Reproduced with permission.