FORCED NORMALIZATION: Epilepsy and Psychosis Interaction
Affiliations
- PMID: 26155377
- PMCID: PMC4479363
Item in Clipboard
FORCED NORMALIZATION: Epilepsy and Psychosis Interaction
Innov Clin Neurosci.
2015 May-Jun.
Abstract
Forced normalization is the emergence of psychoses following the establishment of seizure control in an uncontrolled epilepsy patient. Two illustrative clinical vignettes are provided about people with epilepsy that was newly controlled and followed by emergence of a psychosis; symptoms appeared only after attaining ictal control. For recognition and differential diagnosis purposes, understanding forced normalization is important in clinical practice.
Keywords: Forced normalization; epilepsy seizures; ictal disorder; ictus; pharmcotherapy medication; psychosis; psychotic; seizure control convulsions; seizure disorder.
Similar articles
-
Phenytoin Augmentation of Levetiracetam Treatment: A Case of Forced Normalization With Emergence of Psychosis.Cureus. 2018 Apr 5;10(4):e2432. doi: 10.7759/cureus.2432. Cureus. 2018. PMID: 29876154 Free PMC article.
-
[Alternative Psychoses and Forced Normalization after Seizure Control by Anticonvulsants with Special Consideration of the New Anticonvulsants].Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2020 May;88(5):307-317. doi: 10.1055/a-0820-3345. Epub 2019 Feb 20. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2020. PMID: 30786318 German.
-
Psychosis in epilepsy patients.Epilepsia. 2007;48 Suppl 9:17-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01394.x. Epilepsia. 2007. PMID: 18047594 Review.
-
Psychosis and peri-ictal confusional states.Neurology. 1999;53(5 Suppl 2):S33-8. Neurology. 1999. PMID: 10496232 Review.
-
Epileptic peri-ictal psychosis, a reversible cause of psychosis.Neurologia. 2013 Mar;28(2):81-7. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2012.03.005. Epub 2012 Jun 14. Neurologia. 2013. PMID: 22703628 English, Spanish.
Cited by
-
Effects of antiseizure medications on alternative psychosis and strategies for their application.World J Psychiatry. 2022 Apr 19;12(4):580-587. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i4.580. eCollection 2022 Apr 19. World J Psychiatry. 2022. PMID: 35582339 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Forced normalization after turning off vagus nerve stimulation in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2019 Jan 27;11:81-83. doi: 10.1016/j.ebcr.2019.01.004. eCollection 2019. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2019. PMID: 30788214 Free PMC article.
-
Mechanisms Underlying Aggressive Behavior Induced by Antiepileptic Drugs: Focus on Topiramate, Levetiracetam, and Perampanel.Behav Neurol. 2018 Nov 15;2018:2064027. doi: 10.1155/2018/2064027. eCollection 2018. Behav Neurol. 2018. PMID: 30581496 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Behavioral disinhibition and antiepileptic treatment in childhood epilepsy: A retrospective cohort study.Epilepsia Open. 2017 Jan 18;2(1):59-66. doi: 10.1002/epi4.12032. eCollection 2017 Mar. Epilepsia Open. 2017. PMID: 29750213 Free PMC article.
-
Familial hemiplegic migraine due to CACNA1A and PNKD mutations in epilepsy with forced normalization: A case report.Medicine (Baltimore). 2025 Aug 15;104(33):e41844. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000041844. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025. PMID: 40826761 Free PMC article.
References
-
- Kanner AM, Palac S. Neuropsychiatric complications of epilepsy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2002;2(4):365–372. - PubMed
-
- Krishnamoorthy ES, Trimble MR. Forced normalization: clinical and therapeutic relevance. Epilepsia. 1999;40(10):57–64. - PubMed
-
- Bob P. Dissociation, forced normalization and dynamic multi-stability of the brain. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2007;28(3):231–246. - PubMed
-
- Wilkins KM, Ostroff R, Tampi RR. Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of nondepressed psychiatric illness in elderly patients: a review of the literature. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2008;21(1):3–11. - PubMed
-
- Krishnamoorthy ES, Trimble MR, Sander JW, Kanner AM. Forced normalization at the interface between epilepsy and psychiatry. Epilepsy Behav. 2002;3(4):303–308. - PubMed
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources