Making Healthy Eating Policy Practice: A Group Randomized Controlled Trial on Changes in Snack Quality, Costs, and Consumption in After-School Programs

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate an intervention designed to assist after-school programs (ASPs) in meeting snack nutrition policies that specify that a fruit or vegetable be served daily and sugar-sweetened beverages/foods and artificially flavored foods eliminated.

Design: The study used a 1-year group-randomized controlled trial.

Setting: The study took place in ASPs operating in South Carolina, United States.

Subjects: Twenty ASPs serving over 1700 children were recruited, match-paired postbaseline on enrollment size and days fruits/vegetables were served per week, and randomized to either intervention (n = 10) or control (n = 10) groups.

Intervention: The study used Strategies To Enhance Practice for Healthy Eating (STEPs-HE), a multistep adaptive intervention framework that assists ASP leaders and staff to serve snacks that meet nutrition policies while maintaining cost.

Measures: Direct observation of snacks served and consumed and monthly snack expenditures as determined by receipts were used.

Analysis: The study used nonparametric and mixed-model repeated measures.

Results: By postassessment, intervention ASPs increased serving of fruits/vegetables to 3.9 ± 2.1 vs. 0.7 ± 1.7 d/wk and decreased serving sugar-sweetened beverages to 0.1 ± 0.7 vs. 1.8 ± 2.4 d/wk and sugar-sweetened foods to 0.3 ± 1.1 vs. 2.7 ± 2.5 d/wk compared to controls, respectively. Cost of snacks increased by $0.02/snack in the intervention ASPs ($0.36 to $0.38) compared to a $0.01 per snack decrease in the control group ($0.39 to $0.38). Across both assessments and groups, 80% to 100% of children consumed FVs.

Conclusions: The STEPs-HE intervention can assist ASPs in meeting nationally endorsed nutrition policies with marginal increases in cost.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02144519.

Keywords: Children; Community; Health focus: nutrition; Intervention; Manuscript format: research; Outcome measure: behavioral; Policy; Prevention Research; Research purpose: intervention testing/ program evaluation; School; Setting: school; Strategy: skill building/behavior change; Study design: group randomized trial; Target population age: youth; Target population circumstances: geographic location; financial/economic; local community; policy; race/ethnicity.

Figure 1

Participant flow chart for recruitment, data collection, and analyses.

Figure 2

Baseline and post-assessment expenditures for foods, dips, and beverages served for snack in control and intervention afterschool programs Note: Error bars represent one standard deviation.