Combination of Protoporphyrin IX-mediated Sonodynamic Treatment with Doxorubicin Synergistically Induced Apoptotic Cell Death of a Multidrug-Resistant Leukemia K562/DOX Cell Line

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of administration of doxorubicin (DOX) in combination with protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-assisted low-level therapeutic ultrasound (US) in K562/DOX cells as a potential strategy in cancer therapy. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of different treatments. Apoptosis was analyzed using annexin V-PE/7-amino-actinomycin D staining. Changes in DNA fragmentation, intracellular reactive oxygen species production, cellular membrane permeability, P-glycoprotein expression and DOX uptake were analyzed with flow cytometry. Under optimal conditions, PpIX-US significantly aggravated DOX-induced K562/DOX cell death, compared with either monotherapy. Synergistic potentiation of DNA damage, generation of reactive oxygen species and P-glycoprotein inhibition were observed. Plasma membrane integrity changed slightly after US exposure, and DOX uptake was notably improved after PpIX-US exposure. The results indicate that PpIX-US could increase the susceptibility of tumors to antineoplastic drugs, suggesting a clinical potential method for sonodynamic therapy-mediated tumor chemotherapy.

Keywords: Doxorubicin; K562/DOX cells; P-glycoprotein inhibition; Sonodynamic therapy; Synergistic efficacy.