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Meta-Analysis
. 2015 Jul 14;2015(7):CD010294.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010294.pub2.

Interventions for preventing the progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Davide Bolignano  1 , Suetonia C Palmer, Marinella Ruospo, Carmine Zoccali, Jonathan C Craig, Giovanni F M Strippoli
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions for preventing the progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Davide Bolignano et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

Abstract

Background: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited disorder causing kidney disease. Current clinical management of ADPKD focuses primarily on symptom control and reducing associated complications, particularly hypertension. In recent years, improved understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in kidney cyst growth and disease progression has resulted in new pharmaceutical agents to target disease pathogenesis to prevent progressive disease.

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the effects of interventions for preventing ADPKD progression on kidney function, kidney endpoints, kidney structure, patient-centred endpoints (such as cardiovascular events, sudden death, all-cause mortality, hospitalisations, BP control, quality of life, and kidney pain), as well as the general and specific adverse effects related to their use.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Renal Group's Specialised Register to 6 June 2015 using relevant search terms.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any interventions for preventing the progression of ADPKD with other interventions or placebo were considered for inclusion without language restriction.

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently assessed study risks of bias and extracted data. We summarised treatment effects on clinical outcomes, kidney function and structure and adverse events using random effects meta-analysis. We assessed heterogeneity in estimated treatment effects using the Cochran Q test and I(2) statistic. Summary treatment estimates were calculated as a mean difference (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) for continuous outcomes and a risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes together with their 95% confidence intervals.

Main results: We included 30 studies (2039 participants) that investigated 11 pharmacological interventions (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, vasopressin receptor 2 (V2R) antagonists, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, somatostatin analogues, antiplatelet agents, eicosapentaenoic acids, statins and vitamin D compounds) in this review.ACEi significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure (9 studies, 278 participants: MD -4.96 mm Hg, 95% CI -8.88 to -1.04), but had uncertain effects on kidney volumes (MD -42.50 mL, 95% CI -115.68 to 30.67), GFR (MD -3.41 mL/min/1.73 m(2), 95% CI -15.83 to 9.01), and SCr (MD -0.02 mg/dL, 95% CI -0.14 to 0.09), in data largely restricted to children. ACEi did not show different effects on GFR (MD -8.19 mL/min/1.73 m(2), 95% CI -29.46 to 13.07) and albuminuria (SMD -0.19, 95% CI -1.77 to 1.39) when compared with beta-blockers, or SCr (MD 0.00 mg/dL, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.10) when compared with ARBs.Data for effects of V2R antagonists on kidney function and volumes compared to placebo were limited to narrative information within a single study while these agents increased thirst (1444 participants: RR 2.70, 95% CI 2.24 to 3.24) and dry mouth (1455 participants: RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.76).Compared with no treatment, mTOR inhibitors had uncertain effects on kidney function (2 studies, 115 participants: MD 4.45 mL/min/1.73 m(2), 95% CI -3.20 to 12.11) and kidney volume (MD -0.08 L, 95% CI -0.75 to 0.59) but in three studies (560 participants) caused angioedema (RR 13.39, 95% CI 2.56 to 70.00), oral ulceration (RR 6.77, 95% CI 4.42 to 10.38), infections (RR 1.14, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.25) and diarrhoea (RR 1.70, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.29).Somatostatin analogues (6 studies, 138 participants) slightly improved SCr (MD -0.43 mg/dL, 95% CI -0.86 to -0.01) and total kidney volume (MD -0.62 L, 95% CI -1.22 to -0.01) but had no definite effects on GFR (MD 9.50 mL/min, 95% CI -4.45 to 23.44) and caused diarrhoea (RR 3.72, 95% CI 1.43 to 9.68).Data for calcium channel blockers, eicosapentaenoic acids, statins, vitamin D compounds and antiplatelet agents were sparse and inconclusive.Random sequence generation was adequate in eight studies, and in almost half of the studies, blinding was not present or not specified. Most studies did not adequately report outcomes, which adversely affected our ability to assess this bias. The overall drop-out rate was over 10% in nine studies, and few were conducted using intention-to-treat analyses.

Authors' conclusions: Although several interventions are available for patients with ADPKD, at present there is little or no evidence that treatment improves patient outcomes in this population and is associated with frequent adverse effects. Additional large randomised studies focused on patient-centred outcomes are needed.

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Conflict of interest statement

  1. Davide Bolignano: none known

  2. Suetonia C Palmer: none known

  3. Marinella Ruospo: none known

  4. Carmine Zoccali: none known

  5. Jonathan C Craig: none known

  6. Giovanni FM Strippoli: none known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 ACEi versus no treatment, Outcome 1 Serum creatinine.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 ACEi versus no treatment, Outcome 2 GFR [mL/min/1.73 m²].
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 ACEi versus no treatment, Outcome 3 Doubling of serum creatinine.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 ACEi versus no treatment, Outcome 4 Total kidney volume.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 ACEi versus no treatment, Outcome 5 Albuminuria.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 ACEi versus no treatment, Outcome 6 Systolic blood pressure.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 ACEi versus no treatment, Outcome 7 Diastolic blood pressure.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 ACEi versus no treatment, Outcome 8 Mean arterial pressure.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 ACEi versus CCB, Outcome 1 Creatinine.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 ACEi versus CCB, Outcome 2 GFR [mL/min/1.73 m²].
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 ACEi versus CCB, Outcome 3 Albuminuria.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 ACEi versus CCB, Outcome 4 Systolic blood pressure.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 ACEi versus CCB, Outcome 5 Diastolic blood pressure.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 ACEi versus CCB, Outcome 6 Mean arterial pressure.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 ACEi versus ARB, Outcome 1 Serum creatinine.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 ACEi versus ARB, Outcome 2 GFR [mL/min/1.73 m²].
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 ACEi versus ARB, Outcome 3 Systolic blood pressure.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 ACEi versus ARB, Outcome 4 Diastolic blood pressure.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 ACEi versus ARB, Outcome 5 Mean arterial pressure.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 ACEi versus beta‐blockers, Outcome 1 Creatinine.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 ACEi versus beta‐blockers, Outcome 2 GFR [mL/min/1.73 m²].
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 ACEi versus beta‐blockers, Outcome 4 Need for renal replacement therapy.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 ACEi versus beta‐blockers, Outcome 5 Albuminuria.
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 ACEi versus beta‐blockers, Outcome 6 Systolic blood pressure.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 ACEi versus beta‐blockers, Outcome 7 Diastolic blood pressure.
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 ACEi versus beta‐blockers, Outcome 8 Mean arterial pressure.
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4 ACEi versus beta‐blockers, Outcome 10 Cardiovascular events.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 ACEi alone versus ACEi + mTOR inhibitors, Outcome 1 GFR [mL/min/1.73 m²].
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 ACEi alone versus ACEi + mTOR inhibitors, Outcome 2 Total kidney volume.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 ACEi alone versus ACEi + mTOR inhibitors, Outcome 3 Cyst volume.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 ACEi alone versus ACEi + mTOR inhibitors, Outcome 4 Proteinuria.
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 ACEi alone versus ACEi + mTOR inhibitors, Outcome 5 Mean arterial pressure.
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 ACEi alone versus ACEi + mTOR inhibitors, Outcome 6 Adverse events.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 ARB alone versus ARB + mTOR inhibitors, Outcome 1 GFR [mL/min/1.73 m²].
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 ARB alone versus ARB + mTOR inhibitors, Outcome 2 Doubling of serum creatinine.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 ARB alone versus ARB + mTOR inhibitors, Outcome 3 Total kidney volume.
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6 ARB alone versus ARB + mTOR inhibitors, Outcome 5 Infection.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 ARB versus CCB, Outcome 1 Creatinine.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 ARB versus CCB, Outcome 2 GFR [mL/min/1.73 m²].
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 ARB versus CCB, Outcome 3 Doubling of serum creatinine.
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7 ARB versus CCB, Outcome 4 Proteinuria.
7.5
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7 ARB versus CCB, Outcome 5 Albuminuria.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 V2R antagonists versus placebo, Outcome 1 Creatinine.
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 V2R antagonists versus placebo, Outcome 3 Doubling of serum creatinine.
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8 V2R antagonists versus placebo, Outcome 5 Albuminuria.
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8 V2R antagonists versus placebo, Outcome 6 Kidney pain.
8.7
8.7. Analysis
Comparison 8 V2R antagonists versus placebo, Outcome 7 Adverse events.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 High versus low dose V2R antagonists, Outcome 1 Creatinine.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 High versus low dose V2R antagonists, Outcome 2 Systolic blood pressure.
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9 High versus low dose V2R antagonists, Outcome 3 Diastolic blood pressure.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 mTOR inhibitors versus no treatment, Outcome 1 GFR [mL/min/1.73 m²].
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 mTOR inhibitors versus no treatment, Outcome 3 Need for renal replacement therapy.
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10 mTOR inhibitors versus no treatment, Outcome 4 Need for transplantation.
10.5
10.5. Analysis
Comparison 10 mTOR inhibitors versus no treatment, Outcome 5 Total kidney volume.
10.7
10.7. Analysis
Comparison 10 mTOR inhibitors versus no treatment, Outcome 7 Cyst volume.
10.9
10.9. Analysis
Comparison 10 mTOR inhibitors versus no treatment, Outcome 9 Parenchymal volume.
10.11
10.11. Analysis
Comparison 10 mTOR inhibitors versus no treatment, Outcome 11 Proteinuria.
10.13
10.13. Analysis
Comparison 10 mTOR inhibitors versus no treatment, Outcome 13 Albuminuria.
10.14
10.14. Analysis
Comparison 10 mTOR inhibitors versus no treatment, Outcome 14 Systolic blood pressure.
10.15
10.15. Analysis
Comparison 10 mTOR inhibitors versus no treatment, Outcome 15 Diastolic blood pressure.
10.17
10.17. Analysis
Comparison 10 mTOR inhibitors versus no treatment, Outcome 17 All‐cause mortality.
10.18
10.18. Analysis
Comparison 10 mTOR inhibitors versus no treatment, Outcome 18 Adverse effects.
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Somatostatin analogues versus placebo, Outcome 1 Creatinine.
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 Somatostatin analogues versus placebo, Outcome 2 GFR [mL/min/1.73 m²].
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11 Somatostatin analogues versus placebo, Outcome 3 Total kidney volume.
11.4
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11 Somatostatin analogues versus placebo, Outcome 4 Cyst volume.
11.5
11.5. Analysis
Comparison 11 Somatostatin analogues versus placebo, Outcome 5 Parenchymal volume.
11.6
11.6. Analysis
Comparison 11 Somatostatin analogues versus placebo, Outcome 6 Proteinuria.
11.7
11.7. Analysis
Comparison 11 Somatostatin analogues versus placebo, Outcome 7 Albuminuria.
11.8
11.8. Analysis
Comparison 11 Somatostatin analogues versus placebo, Outcome 8 Systolic blood pressure.
11.9
11.9. Analysis
Comparison 11 Somatostatin analogues versus placebo, Outcome 9 Diastolic blood pressure.
11.10
11.10. Analysis
Comparison 11 Somatostatin analogues versus placebo, Outcome 10 Mean arterial pressure.
11.11
11.11. Analysis
Comparison 11 Somatostatin analogues versus placebo, Outcome 11 Adverse events.
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 Antiplatelet agents versus placebo, Outcome 1 Creatinine.
13.2
13.2. Analysis
Comparison 13 Antiplatelet agents versus placebo, Outcome 2 GFR [mL/min/1.73 m²].
13.3
13.3. Analysis
Comparison 13 Antiplatelet agents versus placebo, Outcome 3 Albuminuria.
13.4
13.4. Analysis
Comparison 13 Antiplatelet agents versus placebo, Outcome 4 Systolic blood pressure.
13.5
13.5. Analysis
Comparison 13 Antiplatelet agents versus placebo, Outcome 5 Diastolic blood pressure.
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14 Eicosapentaenoic acids versus standard therapy, Outcome 1 Creatinine.
14.2
14.2. Analysis
Comparison 14 Eicosapentaenoic acids versus standard therapy, Outcome 2 GFR [mL/min/1.73 m²].
14.3
14.3. Analysis
Comparison 14 Eicosapentaenoic acids versus standard therapy, Outcome 3 Total kidney volume.
14.4
14.4. Analysis
Comparison 14 Eicosapentaenoic acids versus standard therapy, Outcome 4 Albuminuria.
15.4
15.4. Analysis
Comparison 15 Statins versus no treatment, Outcome 4 Systolic blood pressure.
15.5
15.5. Analysis
Comparison 15 Statins versus no treatment, Outcome 5 Diastolic blood pressure.
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16 Vitamin D versus traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Outcome 1 Creatinine.
16.2
16.2. Analysis
Comparison 16 Vitamin D versus traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Outcome 2 GFR.
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References

References to studies included in this review

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ELATE Study 2011 {published data only}
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Nakamura 2001d {published data only}
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Nakamura 2001d hypertensive {published data only}
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Nakamura 2001d normotensive {published data only}
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Nakamura 2012a {published data only}
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Nutahara 2005 {published data only}
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RAPYD Study 2012 {published data only}
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RAPYD Study 2012 high {published data only}
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RAPYD Study 2012 low {published data only}
    1. Stallone G, Infante B, Bruno F, Bristogiannis C, Grandaliano G, Macarini L, et al. Rapamycin for treatment of type I autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) study: a randomized, controlled study [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2012;27(Suppl 2):ii46‐7. [EMBASE: 70765435] - PubMed
    1. Stallone G, Infante B, Grandaliano G, Bristogiannis C, Macarini L, Mezzopane D, et al. Rapamycin for treatment of type I autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (RAPYD‐study): a randomized, controlled study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2012;27(9):3560‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ruggenenti 2005 {published data only}
    1. Caroli A, Antiga L, Cafaro M, Fasolini G, Remuzzi A, Remuzzi G, et al. Reducing polycystic liver volume in ADPKD: effects of somatostatin analogue octreotide. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2010;5(5):783‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ruggenenti P, Remuzzi A, Ondei P, Fasolini G, Antiga L, Ene‐Iordache B, et al. Safety and efficacy of long‐acting somatostatin treatment in autosomal‐dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney International 2005;68(1):206‐16. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
SIRENA Study 2010 {published data only}
    1. Perico N, Antiga L, Caroli A, Ruggenenti P, Fasolini G, Cafaro M, et al. Sirolimus therapy to halt the progression of ADPKD. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2010;21(6):1031‐40. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Soliman 2009 {published data only}
    1. Soliman A, Zamil S, Lotfy A, Ismail E. Sirolimus produced S‐shaped effect on adult polycystic kidneys after 2‐year treatment. Transplantation Proceedings 2012;44(10):2936–9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Soliman AR, Ismail E. Sirolimus therapy for patients with adult polycystic kidney disease ‐ a pilot study [abstract no: TH‐PO053]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2008;19(Abstracts Issue):123A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00716073] - PubMed
    1. Soliman AR, Ismail E, Zamil S, Lotfy A. Sirolimus therapy for patients with adult polycystic kidney disease: a pilot study. Transplantation Proceedings 2009;41(9):3639–41. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
SUISSE ADPKD Study 2007 {published data only}
    1. Braun M, Young J, Reiner CS, Poster D, Krauer F, Kistler AD, et al. Low‐dose oral sirolimus and the risk of menstrual‐cycle disturbances and ovarian cysts: analysis of the randomized controlled SUISSE ADPKD Trial. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource] 2012;7(10):e45868. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Braun M, Young J, Reiner CS, Poster D, Wuthrich RP, Serra AL. Ovarian toxicity from sirolimus. New England Journal of Medicine 2012;366(11):1062‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Serra A, Poster D, Kistler AD, Krauer F, Raina F, Voneckardstein A, et al. Safety, tolerability and adherence of sirolimus in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease [abstract no: 2.5]. Swiss Medical Weekly 2008;138(Suppl 167):4S.
    1. Serra AL, Kistler AD, Poster D, Krauer F, Senn O, Raina S, et al. Safety and tolerability of sirolimus treatment in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2009;24(11):3334‐42. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Serra AL, Kistler AD, Poster D, Struker M, Wuthrich RP, Weishaupt D, et al. Clinical proof‐of‐concept trial to assess the therapeutic effect of sirolimus in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: SUISSE ADPKD study. BMC Nephrology 2007;8:13. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Temmerman 2012 {published data only}
    1. Temmerman F, Vanslembrouck R, Coudyzer W, Bammens B, Laleman W, Cassiman D, et al. The reduction in liver volume in polycystic liver disease with lanreotide is dose dependent and is most pronounced in patients with the highest liver volume [abstract]. Journal of Hepatology 2012;56:S547. [EMBASE: 70749518]
TEMPO 248 & 249 2005 {published data only}
    1. Chapman AB, Torres VE, Grantham JJ, Shoaf SS, Ouyang JJ, Czerwiec FS. A phase IIB pilot study of the safety and efficacy of tolvaptan, a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist (V2RA), in patients with ADPKD [abstract no: F‐FC139]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2005;16:68A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00653783]
    1. Grantham JJ, Chapman AB, Torres VE, Ouyang JJ, Shoaf SE, Czerwiec FS. Acute and chronic osmostasis after vasopressin V2 receptor inhibition with tolvaptan in ADPKD [abstract no: F‐PO106]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2005;16(October):361A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00653784]
    1. Torres VE, Wang X, Ward CJ, Grantham JJ, Chapman AB, Ouyang JJ, et al. Urine aquaporin 2 and cyclic AMP responses to tolvaptan administration in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease [abstract no: F‐PO108]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2005;16(October):361A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00653785]
TEMPO 250 2011 {published data only}
    1. Higashihara E, Torres VE, Chapman AB, Grantham JJ, Bae K, Watnick TJ, et al. Tolvaptan in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: three years' experience. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2011;6(10):2499‐507. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Torres VE, Grantham JJ, Chapman AB, Watnick T, Kedzierski K, Ouyang JJ, et al. Phase 2 open‐label study to determine safety, tolerability and efficacy of split‐dose tolvaptan in ADPKD [abstract no: SA‐PO077]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18:361A‐2A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00653786]
TEMPO 3‐4 Study 2011 {published data only}
    1. Devuyst O, Chapman AB, Gansevoort RT, Grantham JJ, Higashihara E, Perrone RD, et al. Urine osmolality and outcome in ADPKD: Results from the TEMPO 3:4 trial [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2014;29(Suppl 3):iii6. [EMBASE: 71491481] - PubMed
    1. Torres VE, Chapman AB, Devuyst O, Gansevoort RT, Grantham JJ, Higashihara E, et al. Tolvaptan in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. New England Journal of Medicine 2012;367(25):2407‐18. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Torres VE, Chapman AB, Devuyst O, Gansevoort RT, Higashihara E, Perrone RD, et al. Tolvaptan‐treatment of ADPKD confers persistent EGFR improvement: Results from the TEMPO 4:4 extension trial [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2014;29(Suppl 3):iii6. [EMBASE: 71491483]
    1. Torres VE, Meijer E, Bae KT, Chapman AB, Devuyst O, Gansevoort RT, et al. Rationale and design of the TEMPO (Tolvaptan Efficacy and Safety in Management of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease and its Outcomes) 3‐4 Study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2011;57(5):692‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ulusoy 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ulusoy S, Ozkan G, Orem C, Kaynar K, Kosucu P, Kiris A. A comparison of the effects of ramipril and losartan on blood pressure control and left ventricle hypertrophy in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Renal Failure 2010;32(8):913‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
van Dijk 2001 {published data only}
    1. Dijk MA, Kamper AM, Veen S, Souverijn JH, Blauw GJ. Effect of simvastatin on renal function in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2001;16(11):2152‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
van Dijk 2003 {published data only}
    1. Dijk MA, Breuning MH, Duiser R, Es LA, Westendorp RG. No effect of enalapril on progression in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(11):2314‐20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Walz 2010 {published data only}
    1. Walz G, Budde K, Mannaa M, Nurnberger J, Wanner C, Sommerer C, et al. Everolimus in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. New England Journal of Medicine 2010;363(9):830‐40. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Watson 1999 {published data only}
    1. Watson ML, Macnicol AM, Borg‐Costanzi J, Vareesanghip K, Chauveau D, Cohen G, et al. A long‐term comparison of the effects of renal function of BP control with either atenolol (A) or enalapril (E) in polycystic kidney disease (PKD) [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1999;10(Program & Abstracts):428A.
Zeltner 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mueller H, Schmieder RE, Zeltner R, Poliak R, Graf S, Schulze BD. Determinants for the treatment of hypertensive patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD): choice of drug versus blood pressure (BP) control [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2003;14(Nov):109A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00653777]
    1. Zeltner R, Poliak R, Stiasny B, Schmieder RE, Schulze BD. Renal and cardiac effects of antihypertensive treatment with ramipril vs metoprolol in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2008;23(2):573‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Doulton 2006 {published data only}
    1. Doulton TW, Saggar‐Malik AK, He FJ, Carney C, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, et al. The effect of sodium and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibition on the classic circulating renin‐angiotensin system in autosomal‐dominant polycystic kidney disease patients. Journal of Hypertension 2006;24(5):939‐45. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
ISRCTN57653760 {published data only}
    1. O'Shaugnessy K. A rotation study through the main therapeutic classes of antihypertensive in patients with polycystic kidney disease and hypertension. controlled‐trials.com/ISRCTN57653760 (accessed 1 June 2015).
Kanno 1996 {published data only}
    1. Kanno Y, Suzuki H, Okada H, Takenaka T, Saruta T. Calcium channel blockers versus ACE inhibitors as antihypertensives in polycystic kidney disease. Qjm 1996;89(1):65‐70. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Suzuki H, Kanno Y, Okada H, Konishi K, Nakazato Y, Okamiya Y, et al. Renal protective effects of calcium channel blocker on hypertensive patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1994;5(3):568.
Nakamura 2005a {published data only}
    1. Nakamura T, Sugaya T, Kawagoe Y, Ueda Y, Osada S, Koide H. Candesartan reduces urinary fatty acid‐binding protein excretion in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 2005;330(4):161‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sharma 2004 {published data only}
    1. Sharma RK, Kohli R, Rathore D, Gupta A, Gupta RK. Magnetic resonance based studies as a marker of disease progression in autosomal‐dominant polycystic kidney disease and the effect of simvastatin on disease progression [abstract]. Indian Journal of Nephrology 2004;14:126.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Braun 2014 {published data only}
    1. Braun WE, Schold JD, Stephany BR, Spirko RA, Herts BR. Low‐dose rapamycin (sirolimus) effects in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: an open‐label randomized controlled pilot study. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2014;9(5):881‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Cadnapaphornchai 2011 {published data only}
    1. Cadnapaphornchai MA, George DM, Masoumi A, McFann K, Strain JD, Schrier RW. Effect of statin therapy on disease progression in pediatric ADPKD: design and baseline characteristics of participants. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2011;32(3):437‐45. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cadnapaphornchai MA, George DM, McFann K, Wang W, Gitomer B, Strain JD, et al. Effect of pravastatin on total kidney volume, left ventricular mass index, and microalbuminuria in pediatric autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2014;9(5):889‐96. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
HALT‐PKD Study 2008 {published data only}
    1. Chapman AB. Approaches to testing new treatments in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: insights from the CRISP and HALT‐PKD studies. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2008;3(4):1197‐204. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Chapman AB, Torres VE, Perrone RD, Steinman TI, Bae KT, Philip MJ, et al. The HALT polycystic kidney disease trials: design and implementation. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2010;5(1):102‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Miskulin D, Chapman A, Steinman T, Schrier R, Torres V, Perrone R, et al. Impact of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease on quality of life: results from the HALT‐PKD study [abstract no: TH‐PO052]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2008;19(Abstracts Issue):123A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00756923]
    1. Miskulin DC, Abebe KZ, Chapman AB, Perrone RD, Steinman TI, Torres VE, et al. Health‐related quality of life in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and CKD stages 1‐4: a cross‐sectional study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2014;63(2):214‐26. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Perrone RD, Abebe KZ, Schrier RW, Chapman AB, Torres VE, Bost J, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of left ventricular mass in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2011;6(10):2508‐15. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
NCT01233869 {published data only}
    1. NCT01233869. A phase 2, multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of the safety, clinical activity and pharmacokinetics of bosutinib (PF‐05208763) versus placebo in subjects with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01233869 2014. [MEDLINE: ]
Vienna RAP Study 2015 {published data only}
    1. Riegersperger M, Herkner H, Sunder‐Plassmann G. Pulsed oral sirolimus in advanced autosomal‐dominant polycystic kidney disease (Vienna RAP Study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015;16(1):182. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

DIPAK 1 Study 2014 {published data only}
    1. Meijer E, Drenth JP, d'Agnolo H, Casteleijn NF, Fijter JW, Gevers TJ, et al. Rationale and design of the DIPAK 1 Study: a randomized controlled clinical trial assessing the efficacy of lanreotide to halt disease progression in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2014;63(3):446‐55. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
NCT00345137 {published data only}
    1. NCT00345137. Phase 1 study of systemic effects of Ng‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine on renal hemodynamics in patients with polycystic kidney disease and chronic glomerulonephritis. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00345137 (accessed 1 June 2015).
NCT01932450 {published data only}
    1. NCT01932450. A randomized, open‐label study investigating the effect of bilateral renal artery sympathetic denervation by catheter‐based radiofrequency ablation on blood pressure and disease progression in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01932450 2013. [CENTRAL: CN‐00874871]

Additional references

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Gattone 2003
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References to other published versions of this review

Bolignano 2013
    1. Bolignano D, Ruospo M, Zoccali C, Craig JC, Strippoli GF. Interventions for preventing the progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010294] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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