The Genera of Fungi - fixing the application of the type species of generic names - G 2: Allantophomopsis, Latorua, Macrodiplodiopsis, Macrohilum, Milospium, Protostegia, Pyricularia, Robillarda, Rotula, Septoriella, Torula, and Wojnowicia

Abstract

The present paper represents the second contribution in the Genera of Fungi series, linking type species of fungal genera to their morphology and DNA sequence data, and where possible, ecology. This paper focuses on 12 genera of microfungi, 11 of which the type species are neo- or epitypified here: Allantophomopsis (A. cytisporea, Phacidiaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes), Latorua gen. nov. (Latorua caligans, Latoruaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes), Macrodiplodiopsis (M. desmazieri, Macrodiplodiopsidaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes), Macrohilum (M. eucalypti, Macrohilaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes), Milospium (M. graphideorum, incertae sedis, Pezizomycotina), Protostegia (P. eucleae, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes), Pyricularia (P. grisea, Pyriculariaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes), Robillarda (R. sessilis, Robillardaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes), Rutola (R. graminis, incertae sedis, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes), Septoriella (S. phragmitis, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes), Torula (T. herbarum, Torulaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) and Wojnowicia (syn. of Septoriella, S. hirta, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes). Novel species include Latorua grootfonteinensis, Robillarda africana, R. roystoneae, R. terrae, Torula ficus, T. hollandica, and T. masonii spp. nov., and three new families: Macrodiplodiopsisceae, Macrohilaceae, and Robillardaceae. Authors interested in contributing accounts of individual genera to larger multi-authored papers to be published in IMA Fungus, should contact the associate editors listed for the major groups of fungi on the List of Protected Generic Names for Fungi (www.generaoffungi.org).

Keywords: DNA Barcodes; ITS; LSU; epitype; fungal systematics; typification; www.GeneraofFungi.org.

Fig. 1.

The first of 1000 equally most parsimonious trees obtained from a heuristic search with 100 random taxon additions of the LSU sequence alignment. Parsimony bootstrap support values >74 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities >0.79 are plotted at the nodes, strict consensus branches from the parsimony analysis are thickened, and the scale bar represents the number of changes. An asterisk (*) denotes a node with 100 % parsimony bootstrap support and 1.00 Bayesian posterior probability. Families and orders are indicated in different colours to the right of the tree and classes at the nodes to the left of the tree. Species treated here for which LSU sequences were available are shown in bold face. The tree was rooted to Saccharomyces cerevisiae (GenBank Z73326).

Fig. 1.

The first of 1000 equally most parsimonious trees obtained from a heuristic search with 100 random taxon additions of the LSU sequence alignment. Parsimony bootstrap support values >74 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities >0.79 are plotted at the nodes, strict consensus branches from the parsimony analysis are thickened, and the scale bar represents the number of changes. An asterisk (*) denotes a node with 100 % parsimony bootstrap support and 1.00 Bayesian posterior probability. Families and orders are indicated in different colours to the right of the tree and classes at the nodes to the left of the tree. Species treated here for which LSU sequences were available are shown in bold face. The tree was rooted to Saccharomyces cerevisiae (GenBank Z73326).

Fig. 2.

The first of 62 equally most parsimonious trees obtained from a heuristic search with 100 random taxon additions of the ITS sequence alignment. The scale bar shows the number of changes, and bootstrap support values from 1 000 replicates are shown at the nodes. Thickened lines indicate the strict consensus branches and the species treated here are printed in bold face. The species boundaries are delimited with coloured blocks. The tree was rooted to Gremmenia infestans (GenBank accession KM216393).

Fig. 3.

The first of two equally most parsimonious trees obtained from a heuristic search with 100 random taxon additions of the combined ITS and HIS sequence alignment. The scale bar shows the number of changes, and bootstrap support values from 1 000 replicates are shown at the nodes. Thickened lines indicate the strict consensus branches and the species treated here are printed in bold face. The species boundaries are delimited with coloured blocks. The tree was rooted to Pestalotiopsis sp. (culture CPC 17179).

Fig. 4.

The first of 148 equally most parsimonious trees obtained from a heuristic search with 100 random taxon additions of the combined LSU and ITS sequence alignment. The scale bar shows the number of changes, and bootstrap support values from 1 000 replicates are shown at the nodes (Parsimony bootstrap support / Distance bootstrap support). An asterisk (*) identifies those branches with both 100 % parsimony and distance bootstrap support. Thickened lines indicate the strict consensus branches and the species treated here are printed in bold face. The genus boundaries are delimited with coloured blocks and genus names are printed to the right of the tree in bold face – genus names with inverted commas refer to those genera which do have the generic type species included in the clade whereas those without inverted commas have their generic type species included. The tree was rooted to Didymella exigua (culture CBS 183.55).

Fig. 5.

Allantophomopsis cytisporea (CPC 24977). A. Conidioma on PNA. B. Conidiomata forming on OA. C–E. Conidiogenous cells. F. Conidia. Bars: A, B = 600 μm, all others = 10 μm.

Fig. 6.

Allantophomopsis lunata (CBS 137781). A, B. Conidiomata on PNA. C. Conidiomata forming on PDA. D. Conidia. Bars: A–C = 250 μm, C = 10 μm.

Fig. 7.

Allantophomopsis lycopodina (CBS 262.85). A. Conidioma on PNA. B–D. Conidiogenous cells. E. Conidia (arrows denote mucoid caps). Bars: A = 600 μm, all others = 10 μm.

Fig. 8.

Latorua caligans (CBS 576.65). A. Sporulation on SNA. B–F. Conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidial chains. Bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 9.

Latorua grootfonteinensis (CBS 369.72). A. Sporulation on SNA. B–G. Conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidial chains. Bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 10.

Macrodiplodiopsis desmazieri (CPC 24971). A. Conidioma on host tissue. B–E. Conidiogenous cells. F, G. Conidia (arrows denote mucoid sheaths). H. Asci. I. Ascospores (arrows denote mucoid sheaths). J. Colony on PDA. K. Conidiogenous cells in vitro. L, M. Conidia in vitro (arrows denote mucoid sheaths). Bars: A = 600 μm, J = 10 mm, all others = 10 μm.

Fig. 11.

Macrohilum eucalypti (CPC 19421). A. Conidiomata on PNA. B. Conidiomata on OA. C–E. Conidiogenous cells. F. Conidia. Bars: A = 200 μm, B = 300 μm, all others = 10 μm.

Fig. 12.

Milospium graphideorum (CBS H-22271). A, B. Dark brown, lichenicolous colonies. C, D. Conidiogenous cells giving rise to lobed conidia. Bars: A, B = 5 mm, C, D = 10 μm.

Fig. 13.

Protostegia eucleae (CPC 23549). A. Leaf symptoms. B. Close-up of conidiomata in vivo. C. Vertical section through conidioma. D–F. Conidia. G. Colony on MEA. H. Conidiogenous cells. I. Conidia in vitro. Bars: B = 250 μm, C = 60 μm, G = 5 mm, all others = 10 μm.

Fig. 14.

Pyricularia grisea (US0043). A–C. Conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia. D. Conidia. Bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 15.

Robillarda africana (CBS 122.75). A. Conidioma on OA. B, C. Conidiogenous cells. D. Conidia. Bars: A = 200 μm, all others = 10 μm.

Fig. 16.

Robillarda roystoneae (CBS 115445). A. Conidiomata on PNA. B, C. Conidiogenous cells. D. Conidia. Bars: A = 200 μm, all others = 10 μm.

Fig. 17.

Robillarda sessilis (CBS 114312). A. Conidiomata on PNA. B–E. Conidiogenous cells. F. Conidia. Bars: A = 200 μm, all others = 10 μm.

Fig. 18.

Robillarda terrae (CBS 587.71). A. Colony sporulating on OA. B–F. Sections through conidiomata showing wall structure and conidiogenous cells. G–J. Conidia. Bars: A–C = 200 μm, D = 100 μm, all others = 10 μm.

Fig. 19.

Rutola graminis (L0054599). A. Colony in vivo. B–G. Conidiogenous cells and conidia. Bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 20.

Septoriella phragmitis (CPC 24118). A. Conidiomata in vivo. B. Conidial cirrhus. C, D. Conidiogenous cells. E. Conidia (note mucoid caps). F. Conidia. Bars: A = 300 μm, B = 350 μm, all others = 10 μm.

Fig. 21.

Septoriella hirta (CBS 536.77). A, B. Colony on OA (surface and reverse). C. Close-up of conidiomata. D. Conidioma. E, F. Section through conidiomata. G. Conidiogenous cells. H. Developing conidia. I. Mature conidia. Bars: D, E = 100 μm, F = 50 μm, all others = 10 μm.

Fig. 22.

Torula ficus (CBS 595.96). A–E. Conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia. F. Conidia. Bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 23.

Torula herbarum (L0118919). A. Colony in vivo. B–D. Conidia. Bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 24.

Torula herbarum (CPC 24114). A–D. Conidiogenous cells and conidia. Bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 25.

Torula hollandica (CBS 220.69). A. Colony sporulating on OA. B–F. Conidiogenous cells and conidia. Bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 26.

Torula masonii (CBS 245.57). A. Colony sporulating on OA. B–H. Conidiogenous cells and conidia. Bars = 10 μm.

Fig. 27.

Torula monilis (L0118923). A. Colony in vivo. B–G. Conidiogenous cells and conidia. Bars: B–G = 10 μm.