Severe Jaundice Increases Early Severe Morbidity and Decreases Long-Term Survival after Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Abstract

Background: The influence of jaundice on outcomes after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is debated. This study aimed to determine, in a large multicentric series, the influence of severe jaundice (serum bilirubin level ≥250 μmol/L and 300 μmol/L) on early severe morbidity and survival after PD.

Study design: From 2004 to 2009, twelve hundred patients (median age 66 years, 57% male) with resectable PDAC underwent PD. Patients who received preoperative biliary drainage for neoadjuvant treatment or cholangitis were excluded. Pre- and intraoperative data were collected by a standardized form. Serum bilirubin level and creatinine clearance were analyzed as categorical variables. Predictive factors of severe complications and poor survival (Kaplan-Meier method) were identified by univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results: Median follow-up was 21 months (95% CI, 19-23). Operative mortality was 3.9% (n = 47), with no predictive factors in multivariate analysis. Severe complications (Dindo-Clavien grade III to IV) occurred in 22% (n = 268), with male sex (p = 0.025), America Society of Anesthesiologists score 3 to 4 (p = 0.022), serum bilirubin level ≥300 μmol/L (p = 0.034), and creatinine clearance <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (p = 0.013) identified as predictive factors in multivariate analysis. Overall 3-year survival rate was 41% (95% CI, 37-45%). In multivariate analysis, serum bilirubin level ≥300 μmol/L (p = 0.048), low-volume center (p < 0.001), venous resection (p = 0.014), N1 status (p < 0.01), R1 status (p < 0.001), and absence of adjuvant treatment (p < 0.001) negatively impacted survival. There was a negative relationship between survival at 12 months or later and higher rates of bilirubin. Presence of a biliary stent did not influence early or long-term results.

Conclusions: In this multicentric study, serum bilirubin level ≥300 μmol/L increased severe morbidity and decreased long-term survival after PD for PDAC. These findings suggest that biliary stenting is appropriately indicated before PD in patients with PDAC and severe jaundice.