Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2015 Sep;26(9):808-19.
doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.04.018. Epub 2015 May 12.

Transition to injecting drug use in Iran: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative evidence

Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar  1 , Masoumeh Amin-Esmaeili  2 , Behrang Shadloo  1 , Alireza Noroozi  3 , Mohsen Malekinejad  4
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Transition to injecting drug use in Iran: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative evidence

Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar et al. Int J Drug Policy. 2015 Sep.

Abstract

Background: Injection drug use, a behavior associated with significant adverse health effects, has been increasing over the past decade in Iran. This study aims to systematically review the epidemiological and qualitative evidence on factors that facilitate or protect the transition to injection drug use in Iran.

Methods: We conducted electronic searches in five international (Medline, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO), one regional (IMEMR) and three Iranian (Iranmedex, Iranpsych, IranDoc) databases, as well as contacting experts in the field. Two trained researchers screened documents to identify relevant studies and independently dual-extracted data following pre-specified protocol. We applied principles of thematic analysis for qualitative data and applied a random effect meta-analysis model for age of first injection.

Results: A total of 38 documents from 31 studies met eligibility criteria, from which more than 50% were implemented from 2006 to 2008. The weighted mean age of first injection was 25.8 (95% Confidence Interval: 25.3-26.2). Between 1998 and 2011, the age of first injection was relatively stable. Overall, drug users had used drugs for 6-7 years before they started injection use. Heroin was the first drug of injection in the majority of the cases. We identified factors influencing the initiation of or transition to injection use at various levels, including: (1) individual (pleasure-seeking behavior, curiosity and development of drug dependency commonly reported), (2) social and environmental (role of peer drug users in the first injection use, the economic efficiency associated with injections and the wide availability of injectable form of drugs in the market).

Conclusion: Harm reduction policies in Iran have almost exclusively focused on drug injectors in Iran. However, given the extent of the non-injection drug use epidemic, evidence from this study can provide insight on points of interventions for the prevention of the transition to injection use.

Keywords: First injection episode; Harm reduction; Iran; Protective factors for injecting; Risk factors for injecting; Substance use; Systematic review.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest: None

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Number of studies identified at each step of searching, screening, and data extraction
Figure 2
Figure 2
Summery estimate of mean and 95%CI of age at the first injection by geographical location, sorted by year of study implementation from oldest to most recent
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Abelson J, Treloar C, Crawford J, Kippax S, van Beek I, Howard J. Some characteristics of early-onset injection drug users prior to and at the time of their first injection. Addiction. 2006;101(4):548–555. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01379.x. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Afsar Kazerooni P, Amini Lari M, Joolaei H, Sabet M, Hassan Abadi AR, Naghshvarian M, et al. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection and related risk factors among injecting substance abusers in Shiraz, Southern part of Iran. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2009;11(3):175–184. (abstract in English, full text in Persian)
    1. Amin-Esmaeili M, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Gholamrezaei M, Razaghi EM. Profile of People Who Inject Drugs in Tehran, Iran (in Print) - PubMed
    1. Amin-Esmaeili M, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Haghdoost AA, Mohraz M. Evidence of HIV epidemics among non-injecting drug users in Iran: a systematic review. Addiction. 2012;107(11):1929–1938. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03926.x. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Battjes RJ, Leukefeld CG, Pickens RW. Age at first injection and HIV risk among intravenous drug users. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 1992;18(3):263–273. - PubMed

Publication types