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. 2015 Aug;60(3):263-76.
doi: 10.1037/rep0000050. Epub 2015 Jul 27.

Resilience, traumatic brain injury, depression, and posttraumatic stress among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans

Timothy R Elliott  1 , Yu-Yu Hsiao  1 , Nathan A Kimbrel  2 , Eric C Meyer  3 , Bryann B DeBeer  3 , Suzy Bird Gulliver  4 , Oi-Man Kwok  1 , Sandra B Morissette  3
Affiliations

Resilience, traumatic brain injury, depression, and posttraumatic stress among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans

Timothy R Elliott et al. Rehabil Psychol. 2015 Aug.

Abstract

Objective: We examined the prospective influence of the resilient, undercontrolled, and overcontrolled personality prototypes on depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans. After accounting for the possible influence of combat exposure, we expected that the resilient prototype would predict lower depression and PTSD over time and would be associated with adaptive coping strategies, higher social support, lower psychological inflexibility, and higher self-reported resilience relative to overcontrolled and undercontrolled prototypes, independent of traumatic brain injury (TBI) status.

Method: One hundred twenty-seven veterans (107 men, 20 women; average age = 37) participated in the study. Personality was assessed at baseline, and PTSD and depression symptoms were assessed 8 months later. Path analysis was used to test the direct and indirect effects of personality on distress.

Results: No direct effects were observed from personality to distress. The resilient prototype did have significant indirect effects on PTSD and depression through its beneficial effects on social support, coping and psychological inflexibility. TBI also had direct effects on PTSD.

Conclusions: A resilient personality prototype appears to influence veteran adjustment through its positive associations with greater social support and psychological flexibility, and lower use of avoidant coping. Low social support, avoidant coping, and psychological inflexibility are related to overcontrolled and undercontrolled personality prototypes, and these behaviors seem to characterize veterans who experience problems with depression and PTSD over time. A positive TBI status is directly and prospectively associated with PTSD symptomology independent of personality prototype. Implications for clinical interventions and future research are discussed.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Three Personality Prototypes based on the MPQ in the sample of 127 Veterans.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Saturated A Priori Model of Personality Prototypes, TBI and Mediating Characteristics Predicting PTSD and Depression Eight Months Following Baseline
Figure 3
Figure 3
Final Model Depicting Significant Paths to PTSD and Depression Symptoms
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