Evaluation of the Specificity of Two Enzyme Immunoassays for Coccidioidomycosis by Using Sera from a Region of Endemicity and a Region of Nonendemicity

Abstract

Coccidioidomycosis (CM), a serious life-threatening fungal infection endemic to arid regions of the western United States and Mexico, can be challenging to diagnose in a timely manner. Commercially developed enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) (from Meridian Biosciences and Immuno-Mycologics [IMMY]) have provided faster, simpler means for serodiagnosis; however, independent evaluations have questioned EIA specificity, particularly IgM-positive/IgG-negative results. This study was conducted to evaluate EIA specificity among persons residing in Puerto Rico (n = 534), where CM is not endemic (who were not likely to have been exposed to Coccidioides spp.), compared to blood bank donors residing in Arizona (n = 1,218), where CM is endemic. Upon comparing serum reactivity between Puerto Rico and Arizona, the Meridian EIA showed a significant difference in IgG reactivity (0.37% versus 3.6%; P < 0.001) but not IgM reactivity (3.4% versus 2.4%; P = 0.31). No IgM-/IgG-reactive sera were detected among sera from Puerto Rico, compared to 7 (0.57%) sera from Arizona. Similar results were observed using the IMMY EIA, although significantly (P = 0.03) fewer IgM-reactive sera from Arizona were observed, compared to the Meridian EIA. EIA-reactive sera were also evaluated by immunodiffusion before and after 3- to 4-fold concentration of the sera. These results demonstrate that elevated IgG EIA reactivity is present in sera from healthy individuals in regions of endemicity and that IgM EIA reactivity observed in sera from individuals residing outside regions of endemicity is most likely nonspecific. Other criteria, including clinical and microbiological evaluations, should be taken into account when interpreting results from surveillance studies and other reporting measures.

FIG 1

Levels of anti-Coccidioides IgM (filled symbols) and IgG (open symbols) measured by the Meridian EIA in 1,218 sera obtained from Arizona (AZ) and 534 sera obtained from Puerto Rico (PR). Shaded area, optical density range for indeterminate results. Sera with results above and below the indeterminate range are considered positive and negative, respectively, for antibodies against Coccidioides.

FIG 2

Levels of anti-Coccidioides IgM (filled symbols) and IgG (open symbols) measured by the IMMY EIA in 1,218 sera obtained from Arizona (AZ) and 534 sera obtained from Puerto Rico (PR). Shaded area, EIA unit range for indeterminate results. Sera with results above and below the indeterminate range are considered positive and negative, respectively, for antibodies against Coccidioides.