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. 2015 Aug 3;7(8):6294-312.
doi: 10.3390/nu7085288.

Partial Enteral Nutrition Preserves Elements of Gut Barrier Function, Including Innate Immunity, Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase (IAP) Level, and Intestinal Microbiota in Mice

Xiao Wan  1 , Jingcheng Bi  2 , Xuejin Gao  3   4 , Feng Tian  5 , Xinying Wang  6 , Ning Li  7 , Jieshou Li  8
Affiliations

Partial Enteral Nutrition Preserves Elements of Gut Barrier Function, Including Innate Immunity, Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase (IAP) Level, and Intestinal Microbiota in Mice

Xiao Wan et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Lack of enteral nutrition (EN) during parenteral nutrition (PN) leads to higher incidence of infection because of gut barrier dysfunction. However, the effects of partial EN on intestina linnate immunity, intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) and microbiota remain unclear. The mice were randomized into six groups to receive either standard chow or isocaloric and isonitrogenous nutritional support with variable partial EN to PN ratios. Five days later, the mice were sacrificed and tissue samples were collected. Bacterial translocation, the levels of lysozyme, mucin 2 (MUC2), and IAP were analyzed. The composition of intestinal microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing. Compared with chow, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) resulted in a dysfunctional mucosal barrier, as evidenced by increased bacterial translocation (p < 0.05), loss of lysozyme, MUC2, and IAP, and changes in the gut microbiota (p < 0.001). Administration of 20% EN supplemented with PN significantly increased the concentrations of lysozyme, MUC2, IAP, and the mRNA levels of lysozyme and MUC2 (p < 0.001). The percentages of Bacteroidetes and Tenericutes were significantly lower in the 20% EN group than in the TPN group (p < 0.001). These changes were accompanied by maintained barrier function in bacterial culture (p < 0.05). Supplementation of PN with 20% EN preserves gut barrier function, by way of maintaining innate immunity, IAP and intestinal microbiota.

Keywords: gut barrier; innate immunity; intestinal alkaline phosphatase; intestinal microbiota; partial enteral nutrition.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Morphological changes in the ileal tissue in each treatment group. (A) Numbers of goblet cells per field of vision; Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). ** p < 0.001 vs. chow. * p < 0.05 vs. chow. # p < 0.001 vs. TPN; (B) Representative images of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) base-stained paraffin sections in each group. PAS-stained goblet cells are visible in the epithelial layer (original magnification: ×40). EN: enteral nutrition; TPN: total parenteral nutrition.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Lysozyme levels in the ileal tissue. (A) Lysozyme bands, as detected by Western blot analysis; (B) Lysozyme levels in the ileal tissue. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). * p < 0.001 vs. chow. # p < 0.001 vs. TPN; (C) Immunohistochemical analysis of lysozyme in each group. Original magnification: ×40. EN: enteral nutrition; TPN: total parenteral nutrition; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) levels in the ileal tissue. (A) IAP protein bands, as detected by Western blot analysis; (B) IAP levels in the ileal tissue. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). * p < 0.001 vs. chow. # p < 0.05 vs. TPN. ## p < 0.001 vs. TPN; (C) Immunohistochemical analysis of IAP in each group. Original magnification: ×40. EN: enteral nutrition; TPN: total parenteral nutrition; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Relative density of mucin 2 (MUC2) in the ileal tissue. (A) Representative bands of MUC2, as detected by Western blotting; (B) MUC2 levels in the ileal tissue. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). ** p < 0.001 vs. chow. # p < 0.05 vs. TPN. ## p < 0.001 vs. TPN. EN: enteral nutrition; TPN: total parenteral nutrition; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of the expression levels of innate immunity products in the ileal tissue. (A) Lysozyme; (B) mucin 2 (MUC2) and (C) intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP). Data are represented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). * p < 0.05 vs. chow. ** p < 0.001 vs. chow. # p < 0.05 vs. TPN. ## p < 0.001 vs. TPN. EN: enteral nutrition; TPN: total parenteral nutrition.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Pyrosequencing analysis of ileal wash samples at the phylum level. EN: enteral nutrition; TPN: total parenteral nutrition.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Proportion of Bacteroidetes and Tenericutes in the pyrosequencing analysis of ileal wash samples at the phylum level. (A) Bacteroidetes and (B) Tenericutes. Data are represented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). ** p < 0.001 vs. chow. ## p < 0.001 vs. TPN. EN: enteral nutrition; TPN: total parenteral nutrition.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Proportion of Bacteroidetes and Tenericutes in the pyrosequencing analysis of ileal wash samples at the phylum level. (A) Bacteroidetes and (B) Tenericutes. Data are represented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). ** p < 0.001 vs. chow. ## p < 0.001 vs. TPN. EN: enteral nutrition; TPN: total parenteral nutrition.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Regression analysis of bacterial translocation and some other defensive components. (A) Number of goblet cells; (B) Relative dose of lysozyme; (C) Relative dose of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP); (D) Relative dose of mucin 2 (MUC2). n = 36 for each analysis.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Regression analysis of bacterial translocation and some other defensive components. (A) Number of goblet cells; (B) Relative dose of lysozyme; (C) Relative dose of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP); (D) Relative dose of mucin 2 (MUC2). n = 36 for each analysis.
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