A feasibility study of home-based contingency management with adolescent smokers of rural Appalachia

Abstract

Cigarette smoking among adolescents remains a significant public health concern. This problem is compounded in regions such as rural Appalachia where rates of smoking are consistently higher than national averages and access to treatments is limited. The current research evaluated a home-based contingency management program completed over the Internet with adolescent smokers recruited from rural Appalachia. Participants (N = 62) submitted 3 video recordings per day showing their breath carbon monoxide (CO) levels using a handheld CO monitor. Participants were assigned to either an active treatment condition (AT; n = 31) in which reductions in breath CO were reinforced or a control treatment condition (CT; n = 31) in which providing timely video recordings were reinforced with no requirement to reduce breath CO. Results revealed that participants in the AT condition reduced their breath CO levels significantly more so during treatment than participants in the CT condition. Within-group comparisons revealed that participants in both conditions significantly reduced their breath CO, self-reported smoking, and nicotine dependence ratings during treatment. However, only participants in the AT condition significantly reduced urinary cotinine levels during treatment, and only participants in this condition maintained all reductions until 6-week post treatment. Participants in the CT condition only maintained self-reported smoking reductions until posttreatment assessments. These results support the feasibility and initial efficacy of this incentive-based approach to smoking cessation with adolescent smokers living in rural locations.

Figure 1

Mean (±SEM, denoted by error bars) breath CO recordings for participants in the AT and CT study conditions at each treatment program phase. Note. + <0.01, * <0.05 different from control; # <0.01, @ <0.05 different from baseline.

Figure 2

Mean (±SEM, denoted by error bars) number of cigarettes smoked per day based on TLFB calendar reporting by participants in the AT and CT study conditions at three treatment program phases and at six weeks post treatment. Note. + <0.01, * <0.05 different from control; # <0.01, @ <0.05 different from baseline.

Figure 3

Mean (±SEM, denoted by error bars) urinary cotinine values for participants in the AT and CT study conditions at three treatment program phases and at six weeks post treatment. Note. + <0.01, * <0.05 different from control; # <0.01, @ <0.05 different from baseline.

Figure 4

Mean (±SEM, denoted by error bars) mFTND change scores based on ratings by participants in the AT and CT study conditions at three treatment program phases and at six weeks post treatment. Note. + <0.01, * <0.05 different from control; # <0.01, @ <0.05 different from baseline.