Minimum Information about a Biosynthetic Gene cluster

Marnix H Medema¹, Renzo Kottmann¹, Pelin Yilmaz¹, Matthew Cummings², John B Biggins³, Kai Blin⁴, Irene de Bruijn⁵, Yit Heng Chooi⁶, Jan Claesen⁷, R Cameron Coates⁸, Pablo Cruz-Morales⁹, Srikanth Duddela¹⁰, Stephanie Düsterhus¹¹, Daniel J Edwards¹², David P Fewer¹³, Neha Garg¹⁴, Christoph Geiger¹¹, Juan Pablo Gomez-Escribano¹⁵, Anja Greule¹⁶, Michalis Hadjithomas⁸, Anthony S Haines¹⁷, Eric J N Helfrich¹⁸, Matthew L Hillwig¹⁹, Keishi Ishida²⁰, Adam C Jones²¹, Carla S Jones²², Katrin Jungmann¹⁰, Carsten Kegler²³, Hyun Uk Kim²⁴, Peter Kötter¹¹, Daniel Krug¹⁰, Joleen Masschelein²⁵, Alexey V Melnik¹⁴, Simone M Mantovani²⁶, Emily A Monroe²⁷, Marcus Moore²⁸, Nathan Moss²⁶, Hans-Wilhelm Nützmann²⁹, Guohui Pan³⁰, Amrita Pati⁸, Daniel Petras³¹, F Jerry Reen³², Federico Rosconi³³, Zhe Rui³⁴, Zhenhua Tian³⁵, Nicholas J Tobias²³, Yuta Tsunematsu³⁶, Philipp Wiemann³⁷, Elizabeth Wyckoff³⁸, Xiaohui Yan³⁰, Grace Yim³⁹, Fengan Yu⁴⁰, Yunchang Xie⁴¹, Bertrand Aigle⁴², Alexander K Apel⁴³, Carl J Balibar⁴⁴, Emily P Balskus⁴⁵, Francisco Barona-Gómez⁹, Andreas Bechthold¹⁶, Helge B Bode⁴⁶, Rainer Borriss⁴⁷, Sean F Brady³, Axel A Brakhage²⁰, Patrick Caffrey⁴⁸, Yi-Qiang Cheng⁴⁹, Jon Clardy⁵⁰, Russell J Cox⁵¹, René De Mot⁵², Stefano Donadio⁵³, Mohamed S Donia⁵⁴, Wilfred A van der Donk⁵⁵, Pieter C Dorrestein⁵⁶, Sean Doyle⁵⁷, Arnold J M Driessen⁵⁸, Monika Ehling-Schulz⁵⁹, Karl-Dieter Entian¹¹, Michael A Fischbach⁷, Lena Gerwick²⁶, William H Gerwick⁶⁰, Harald Gross⁴³, Bertolt Gust⁴³, Christian Hertweck⁶¹, Monica Höfte⁶², Susan E Jensen⁶³, Jianhua Ju⁴¹, Leonard Katz⁶⁴, Leonard Kaysser⁴³, Jonathan L Klassen⁶⁵, Nancy P Keller⁶⁶, Jan Kormanec⁶⁷, Oscar P Kuipers⁶⁸, Tomohisa Kuzuyama⁶⁹, Nikos C Kyrpides⁷⁰, Hyung-Jin Kwon⁷¹, Sylvie Lautru⁷², Rob Lavigne⁷³, Chia Y Lee⁷⁴, Bai Linquan⁷⁵, Xinyu Liu¹⁹, Wen Liu³⁵, Andriy Luzhetskyy¹⁰, Taifo Mahmud⁷⁶, Yvonne Mast⁷⁷, Carmen Méndez⁷⁸, Mikko Metsä-Ketelä⁷⁹, Jason Micklefield⁸⁰, Douglas A Mitchell⁸¹, Bradley S Moore⁶⁰, Leonilde M Moreira⁸², Rolf Müller¹⁰, Brett A Neilan⁸³, Markus Nett²⁰, Jens Nielsen⁸⁴, Fergal O'Gara⁸⁵, Hideaki Oikawa⁸⁶, Anne Osbourn²⁹, Marcia S Osburne⁸⁷, Bohdan Ostash⁸⁸, Shelley M Payne³⁸, Jean-Luc Pernodet⁷², Miroslav Petricek⁸⁹, Jörn Piel¹⁸, Olivier Ploux⁹⁰, Jos M Raaijmakers⁵, José A Salas⁹¹, Esther K Schmitt⁹², Barry Scott⁹³, Ryan F Seipke⁹⁴, Ben Shen⁹⁵, David H Sherman⁴⁰, Kaarina Sivonen¹³, Michael J Smanski⁹⁶, Margherita Sosio⁵³, Evi Stegmann⁹⁷, Roderich D Süssmuth³¹, Kapil Tahlan²⁸, Christopher M Thomas¹⁷, Yi Tang⁹⁸, Andrew W Truman¹⁵, Muriel Viaud⁹⁹, Jonathan D Walton¹⁰⁰, Christopher T Walsh¹⁰¹, Tilmann Weber⁴, Gilles P van Wezel¹⁰², Barrie Wilkinson¹⁵, Joanne M Willey¹⁰³, Wolfgang Wohlleben⁹⁷, Gerard D Wright³⁹, Nadine Ziemert⁹⁷, Changsheng Zhang⁴¹, Sergey B Zotchev¹⁰⁴, Rainer Breitling², Eriko Takano², Frank Oliver Glöckner¹⁰⁵

Affiliations

¹ Microbial Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.
² Manchester Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
³ Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.
⁴ Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark.
⁵ Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
⁶ 1] Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. [2] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. [3] School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
⁷ 1] Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
⁸ Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA.
⁹ Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.
¹⁰ Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
¹¹ Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
¹² Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Chico, California, USA.
¹³ Microbiology and Biotechnology Division, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁴ Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
¹⁶ Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
¹⁷ School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
¹⁸ Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
¹⁹ Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
²⁰ Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany.
²¹ Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Palo Alto, California, USA.
²² Sustainable Studies Program, Roosevelt University Chicago, Illinois, USA.
²³ Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Frankfurt, Germany.
²⁴ 1] Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark. [2] BioInformatics Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
²⁵ 1] Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium. [2] Laboratory of Food Microbiology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
²⁶ Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
²⁷ Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey, USA.
²⁸ Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
²⁹ Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
³⁰ Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA.
³¹ Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
³² BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork-National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
³³ Departamento de Bioquímica y Genómica Microbianas, IBCE, Montevideo, Uruguay.
³⁴ 1] Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA. [2] Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
³⁵ State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
³⁶ 1] Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
³⁷ Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
³⁸ 1] Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA. [2] Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA.
³⁹ Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, The M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
⁴⁰ 1] Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [2] Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [3] Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [4] Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
⁴¹ Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
⁴² Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation Microbienne, Université de Lorraine and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1128, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
⁴³ 1] Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
⁴⁴ Infectious Disease Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
⁴⁶ 1] Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Frankfurt, Germany. [2] Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
⁴⁷ Fachbereich Phytomedizin, Albrecht Thaer Institut, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁴⁸ UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
⁴⁹ UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.
⁵⁰ Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁵¹ 1] Institut für Organische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany. [2] School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁵² Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
⁵³ Naicons Srl, Milano, Italy.
⁵⁴ Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
⁵⁵ 1] Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA.
⁵⁶ 1] Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [3] Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
⁵⁷ Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland.
⁵⁸ Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
⁵⁹ Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
⁶⁰ 1] Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
⁶¹ 1] Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany. [2] Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
⁶² Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
⁶³ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
⁶⁴ Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC), University of California Emeryville, Emeryville, California, USA.
⁶⁵ Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
⁶⁶ 1] Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. [2] Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
⁶⁷ Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
⁶⁸ Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
⁶⁹ Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
⁷⁰ 1] Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA. [2] Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
⁷¹ Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea.
⁷² Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.
⁷³ Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
⁷⁴ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
⁷⁵ 1] State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. [2] School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
⁷⁶ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
⁷⁷ Microbiology/Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
⁷⁸ 1] Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain. [2] Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
⁷⁹ Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
⁸⁰ School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
⁸¹ Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA.
⁸² Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
⁸³ School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁸⁴ 1] Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark. [2] Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁸⁵ 1] BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork-National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland. [2] Curtin University, School of Biomedical Sciences, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
⁸⁶ Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
⁸⁷ Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁸⁸ Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine.
⁸⁹ Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czech Republic.
⁹⁰ Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
⁹¹ Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
⁹² Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland.
⁹³ Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
⁹⁴ Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
⁹⁵ 1] Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA. [2] Molecular Therapeutics and Natural Products Library Initiative, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA.
⁹⁶ 1] Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA. [2] BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.
⁹⁷ 1] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. [2] Microbiology/Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
⁹⁸ 1] Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. [2] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
⁹⁹ Unité BIOlogie et GEstion des Risques en agriculture (BIOGER), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Grignon, France.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
¹⁰¹ Chemistry, Engineering &Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H) Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
¹⁰² Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
¹⁰³ Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
¹⁰⁵ 1] Microbial Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany. [2] Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Bremen, Germany.

PMID: 26284661
PMCID: PMC5714517
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1890

Minimum Information about a Biosynthetic Gene cluster

Marnix H Medema et al. Nat Chem Biol. 2015 Sep.

. 2015 Sep;11(9):625-31.

doi: 10.1038/nchembio.1890.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Microbial Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.
² Manchester Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
³ Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.
⁴ Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark.
⁵ Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
⁶ 1] Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. [2] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. [3] School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
⁷ 1] Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
⁸ Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA.
⁹ Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.
¹⁰ Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
¹¹ Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
¹² Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Chico, California, USA.
¹³ Microbiology and Biotechnology Division, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁴ Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
¹⁶ Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
¹⁷ School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
¹⁸ Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
¹⁹ Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
²⁰ Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany.
²¹ Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Palo Alto, California, USA.
²² Sustainable Studies Program, Roosevelt University Chicago, Illinois, USA.
²³ Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Frankfurt, Germany.
²⁴ 1] Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark. [2] BioInformatics Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
²⁵ 1] Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium. [2] Laboratory of Food Microbiology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
²⁶ Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
²⁷ Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey, USA.
²⁸ Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
²⁹ Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
³⁰ Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA.
³¹ Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
³² BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork-National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
³³ Departamento de Bioquímica y Genómica Microbianas, IBCE, Montevideo, Uruguay.
³⁴ 1] Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA. [2] Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
³⁵ State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
³⁶ 1] Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
³⁷ Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
³⁸ 1] Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA. [2] Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA.
³⁹ Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, The M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
⁴⁰ 1] Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [2] Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [3] Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [4] Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
⁴¹ Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
⁴² Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation Microbienne, Université de Lorraine and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1128, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
⁴³ 1] Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
⁴⁴ Infectious Disease Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
⁴⁶ 1] Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Frankfurt, Germany. [2] Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
⁴⁷ Fachbereich Phytomedizin, Albrecht Thaer Institut, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁴⁸ UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
⁴⁹ UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.
⁵⁰ Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁵¹ 1] Institut für Organische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany. [2] School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁵² Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
⁵³ Naicons Srl, Milano, Italy.
⁵⁴ Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
⁵⁵ 1] Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA.
⁵⁶ 1] Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [3] Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
⁵⁷ Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland.
⁵⁸ Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
⁵⁹ Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
⁶⁰ 1] Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
⁶¹ 1] Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany. [2] Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
⁶² Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
⁶³ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
⁶⁴ Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC), University of California Emeryville, Emeryville, California, USA.
⁶⁵ Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
⁶⁶ 1] Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. [2] Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
⁶⁷ Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
⁶⁸ Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
⁶⁹ Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
⁷⁰ 1] Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA. [2] Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
⁷¹ Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea.
⁷² Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.
⁷³ Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
⁷⁴ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
⁷⁵ 1] State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. [2] School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
⁷⁶ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
⁷⁷ Microbiology/Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
⁷⁸ 1] Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain. [2] Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
⁷⁹ Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
⁸⁰ School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
⁸¹ Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA.
⁸² Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
⁸³ School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁸⁴ 1] Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark. [2] Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁸⁵ 1] BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork-National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland. [2] Curtin University, School of Biomedical Sciences, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
⁸⁶ Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
⁸⁷ Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁸⁸ Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine.
⁸⁹ Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czech Republic.
⁹⁰ Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
⁹¹ Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
⁹² Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland.
⁹³ Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
⁹⁴ Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
⁹⁵ 1] Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA. [2] Molecular Therapeutics and Natural Products Library Initiative, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA.
⁹⁶ 1] Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA. [2] BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.
⁹⁷ 1] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. [2] Microbiology/Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
⁹⁸ 1] Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. [2] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
⁹⁹ Unité BIOlogie et GEstion des Risques en agriculture (BIOGER), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Grignon, France.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
¹⁰¹ Chemistry, Engineering &Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H) Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
¹⁰² Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
¹⁰³ Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
¹⁰⁵ 1] Microbial Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany. [2] Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Bremen, Germany.

PMID: 26284661
PMCID: PMC5714517
DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1890

No abstract available

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

**Figure 1**
Schematic overview of the MIBiG standard. The MIBiG standard is composed of general and compound class-specific parameters. Whenever relevant, evidence coding is used to indicate the experimental support for items in the checklist. Fields annotated with an asterisk are absolutely mandatory; fields with two asterisks are conditionally mandatory.

**Figure 2**
An example MIBiG entry, describing the relatively simple hybrid NRPS-PKS biosynthetic gene cluster for isoflaivipuciine/dihydrolsoflavipudne from *Aspergillus terreus*. Fields without information have been omitted, and some JSON field abbreviations have been modified for clarity. The full entry is available from http://mibig.secondarymetabolites.org/repository/BGC0001122/BGC0001122.json.

**Figure 3**
The MIBiG data standard and submission system will lead to a continuously growing dataset (stored in the online MIBiG repository) that will be loaded into several databases and web services. The lower part of the figure shows the threefold potential of MIBiG for the study of BGCs, which will make it possible to (1) systematically connect genes and chemistry by identifying which genes are responsible for the biosynthesis of which chemical moieties; (2) understand the natural genetic diversity of BGCs within their environmental and ecological context, by combining MIBiG- and MlxS-derived metadata sets; and (3) develop an evidence-based parts registry for engineering biosynthetic pathways and gene clusters through synthetic biology.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. Cimermancic P, et al. Cell. 2014;158:412–421. - PMC - PubMed
1. Doroghazi JR, et al. Nat Chem Biol. 2014;10:963–968. - PMC - PubMed
1. Kersten RD, et al. Nat Chem Biol. 2011;7:794–802. - PMC - PubMed
1. Kersten RD, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:E4407–E4416. - PMC - PubMed
1. Gubbens J, et al. Chem Biol. 2014;21:707–718. - PubMed

Publication types

Actions
Actions

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

Substances

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information
Molecular Biology Databases
- BioCyc

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Minimum Information about a Biosynthetic Gene cluster

Affiliations

Minimum Information about a Biosynthetic Gene cluster

Authors

Affiliations

Figures

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources

Medical

Molecular Biology Databases