WSES guidelines for management of Clostridium difficile infection in surgical patients

Massimo Sartelli¹, Mark A Malangoni², Fikri M Abu-Zidan³, Ewen A Griffiths⁴, Stefano Di Bella⁵, Lynne V McFarland⁶, Ian Eltringham⁷, Vishal G Shelat⁸, George C Velmahos⁹, Ciarán P Kelly¹⁰, Sahil Khanna¹¹, Zaid M Abdelsattar¹², Layan Alrahmani¹³, Luca Ansaloni¹⁴, Goran Augustin¹⁵, Miklosh Bala¹⁶, Frédéric Barbut¹⁷, Offir Ben-Ishay¹⁸, Aneel Bhangu¹⁹, Walter L Biffl²⁰, Stephen M Brecher²¹, Adrián Camacho-Ortiz²², Miguel A Caínzos²³, Laura A Canterbury²⁴, Fausto Catena²⁵, Shirley Chan²⁶, Jill R Cherry-Bukowiec²⁷, Jesse Clanton²⁸, Federico Coccolini¹⁴, Maria Elena Cocuz²⁹, Raul Coimbra³⁰, Charles H Cook³¹, Yunfeng Cui³², Jacek Czepiel³³, Koray Das³⁴, Zaza Demetrashvili³⁵, Isidoro Di Carlo³⁶, Salomone Di Saverio³⁷, Irina Magdalena Dumitru³⁸, Catherine Eckert³⁹, Christian Eckmann⁴⁰, Edward H Eiland⁴¹, Mushira Abdulaziz Enani⁴², Mario Faro⁴³, Paula Ferrada⁴⁴, Joseph Derek Forrester⁴⁵, Gustavo P Fraga⁴⁶, Jean Louis Frossard⁴⁷, Rita Galeiras⁴⁸, Wagih Ghnnam⁴⁹, Carlos Augusto Gomes⁵⁰, Venkata Gorrepati⁵¹, Mohamed Hassan Ahmed⁵², Torsten Herzog⁵³, Felicia Humphrey⁵⁴, Jae Il Kim⁵⁵, Arda Isik⁵⁶, Rao Ivatury⁴⁴, Yeong Yeh Lee⁵⁷, Paul Juang⁵⁸, Luis Furuya-Kanamori⁵⁹, Aleksandar Karamarkovic⁶⁰, Peter K Kim⁶¹, Yoram Kluger¹⁸, Wen Chien Ko⁶², Francis D LaBarbera⁵¹, Jae Gil Lee⁶³, Ari Leppaniemi⁶⁴, Varut Lohsiriwat⁶⁵, Sanjay Marwah⁶⁶, John E Mazuski⁶⁷, Gokhan Metan⁶⁸, Ernest E Moore²⁰, Frederick Alan Moore⁶⁹, Carl Erik Nord⁷⁰, Carlos A Ordoñez⁷¹, Gerson Alves Pereira Júnior⁷², Nicola Petrosillo⁵, Francisco Portela⁷³, Basant K Puri⁷⁴, Arnab Ray⁵⁴, Mansoor Raza⁷⁵, Miran Rems⁷⁶, Boris E Sakakushev⁷⁷, Gabriele Sganga⁷⁸, Patrizia Spigaglia⁷⁹, David B Stewart⁸⁰, Pierre Tattevin⁸¹, Jean Francois Timsit⁸², Kathleen B To²⁷, Cristian Tranà⁸³, Waldemar Uhl⁵³, Libor Urbánek⁸⁴, Harry van Goor⁸⁵, Angela Vassallo⁸⁶, Jean Ralph Zahar⁸⁷, Emanuele Caproli⁸⁸, Pierluigi Viale⁸⁹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Via Santa Lucia 2, 62019 Macerata, Italy.
² American Board of Surgery, Philadelphia, USA.
³ Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
⁴ Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
⁵ 2nd Infectious Diseases Division, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy.
⁶ Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Washington, USA.
⁷ Department of Medical Microbiology, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
⁸ Department of Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
⁹ Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA.
¹⁰ Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA.
¹¹ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA.
¹² Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA.
¹³ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA.
¹⁴ General Surgery I, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy.
¹⁵ Department of Surgery, University Hospital Center Zagreb and School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
¹⁶ Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
¹⁷ UHLIN (Unité d'Hygiène et de Lutte contre les Infections Nosocomiales) National Reference Laboratory for Clostridium difficile Groupe Hospitalier de l'Est Parisien (HUEP), Paris, France.
¹⁸ Department of General Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
¹⁹ Academic Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
²⁰ Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, USA.
²¹ Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury MA and BU School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA.
²² Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Dr.José E. González, Monterrey, Mexico.
²³ Department of Surgery, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
²⁴ Department of Pathology, University of Alberta Edmonton, Edmonton, AB Canada.
²⁵ Emergency Surgery Department, Maggiore Parma Hospital, Parma, Italy.
²⁶ Department of General Surgery, Medway Maritime Hospital, Gillingham Kent, UK.
²⁷ Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA.
²⁸ Department of Surgery, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Summa Akron City Hospital, Akron, OH USA.
²⁹ Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University, Infectious Diseases Hospital, Brasov, Romania.
³⁰ Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns, and Acute Care Surgery, University of California San Diego Health Science, San Diego, USA.
³¹ Division of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA.
³² Department of Surgery,Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical School of Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
³³ Department of Infectious Diseases, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
³⁴ Department of General Surgery, Adana Numune Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey.
³⁵ Department of Surgery, Tbilisi State Medical University, Kipshidze Central University Hospital, Tbilisi, Georgia.
³⁶ Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
³⁷ Trauma Surgery Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
³⁸ Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital, Ovidius University, Constanta, Romania.
³⁹ National Reference Laboratory for Clostridium difficile, AP-HP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France.
⁴⁰ Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Klinikum Peine, Hospital of Medical University Hannover, Peine, Germany.
⁴¹ Vital Care, Inc, Meridian, MS USA.
⁴² Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁴³ Department of General Surgery, Trauma and Emergency Surgery Division, ABC Medical School, Santo André, SP Brazil.
⁴⁴ Division of Trauma, Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA.
⁴⁶ Division of Trauma Surgery, Hospital de Clinicas, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
⁴⁷ Service of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospital, Genève, Switzerland.
⁴⁸ Critical Care Unit, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain.
⁴⁹ Department of Surgery Mansoura, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
⁵⁰ Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario (HU) Terezinha de Jesus da Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas e da Saude de Juiz de Fora (SUPREMA), Hospital Universitario (HU) Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
⁵¹ Department of Internal Medicine, Pinnacle Health Hospital, Harrisburg, PA USA.
⁵² Department of Medicine, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire UK.
⁵³ Department of Surgery, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
⁵⁴ Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA USA.
⁵⁵ Department of Surgery, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
⁵⁶ General Surgery Department, Erzincan University Mengücek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey.
⁵⁷ School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan Malaysia.
⁵⁸ Department of Pharmacy Practice, St Louis College of Pharmacy, St Louis, MO USA.
⁵⁹ Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT Australia.
⁶⁰ Clinic For Emergency surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁶¹ General and Trauma Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, North Bronx Healthcare Network, Bronx, NY USA.
⁶² Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
⁶³ Division of Critical Care & Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
⁶⁴ Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital Meilahti, Helsinki, Finland.
⁶⁵ Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
⁶⁶ Department of Surgery, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, India.
⁶⁷ Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA.
⁶⁸ Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
⁶⁹ Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA.
⁷⁰ Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷¹ Department of Surgery, Fundación Valle del Lili, Hospital Universitario del Valle, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
⁷² Emergency Surgery and Trauma Unit, Department of Surgery, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
⁷³ Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
⁷⁴ Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital and Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁷⁵ Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Unit, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire UK.
⁷⁶ Department of Abdominal and General Surgery, General Hospital Jesenice, Jesenice, Slovenia.
⁷⁷ Department of Surgery, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
⁷⁸ Division of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
⁷⁹ Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
⁸⁰ Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA.
⁸¹ Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes, France.
⁸² AP-HP Bichat hospital, Medical and infectious diseases ICU, Paris, France.
⁸³ Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Macerata hospital, Macerata, Italy.
⁸⁴ 1st Surgical Clinic, University Hospital of St. Ann Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
⁸⁵ Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
⁸⁶ Infection Prevention/Epidemiology, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA USA.
⁸⁷ Infection Control Unit, Angers University, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.
⁸⁸ Department of Surgery, Ancona University Hospital, Ancona, Italy.
⁸⁹ Clinic of Infectious Diseases, St Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.

PMID: 26300956
PMCID: PMC4545872
DOI: 10.1186/s13017-015-0033-6

Review

WSES guidelines for management of Clostridium difficile infection in surgical patients

Massimo Sartelli et al. World J Emerg Surg. 2015.

. 2015 Aug 20:10:38.

doi: 10.1186/s13017-015-0033-6. eCollection 2015.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Via Santa Lucia 2, 62019 Macerata, Italy.
² American Board of Surgery, Philadelphia, USA.
³ Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
⁴ Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
⁵ 2nd Infectious Diseases Division, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy.
⁶ Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Washington, USA.
⁷ Department of Medical Microbiology, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
⁸ Department of Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
⁹ Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA.
¹⁰ Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA.
¹¹ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA.
¹² Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA.
¹³ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA.
¹⁴ General Surgery I, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy.
¹⁵ Department of Surgery, University Hospital Center Zagreb and School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
¹⁶ Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
¹⁷ UHLIN (Unité d'Hygiène et de Lutte contre les Infections Nosocomiales) National Reference Laboratory for Clostridium difficile Groupe Hospitalier de l'Est Parisien (HUEP), Paris, France.
¹⁸ Department of General Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
¹⁹ Academic Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
²⁰ Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, USA.
²¹ Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury MA and BU School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA.
²² Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Dr.José E. González, Monterrey, Mexico.
²³ Department of Surgery, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
²⁴ Department of Pathology, University of Alberta Edmonton, Edmonton, AB Canada.
²⁵ Emergency Surgery Department, Maggiore Parma Hospital, Parma, Italy.
²⁶ Department of General Surgery, Medway Maritime Hospital, Gillingham Kent, UK.
²⁷ Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA.
²⁸ Department of Surgery, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Summa Akron City Hospital, Akron, OH USA.
²⁹ Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University, Infectious Diseases Hospital, Brasov, Romania.
³⁰ Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns, and Acute Care Surgery, University of California San Diego Health Science, San Diego, USA.
³¹ Division of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA.
³² Department of Surgery,Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical School of Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
³³ Department of Infectious Diseases, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
³⁴ Department of General Surgery, Adana Numune Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey.
³⁵ Department of Surgery, Tbilisi State Medical University, Kipshidze Central University Hospital, Tbilisi, Georgia.
³⁶ Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
³⁷ Trauma Surgery Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
³⁸ Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital, Ovidius University, Constanta, Romania.
³⁹ National Reference Laboratory for Clostridium difficile, AP-HP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France.
⁴⁰ Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Klinikum Peine, Hospital of Medical University Hannover, Peine, Germany.
⁴¹ Vital Care, Inc, Meridian, MS USA.
⁴² Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁴³ Department of General Surgery, Trauma and Emergency Surgery Division, ABC Medical School, Santo André, SP Brazil.
⁴⁴ Division of Trauma, Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA.
⁴⁶ Division of Trauma Surgery, Hospital de Clinicas, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
⁴⁷ Service of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospital, Genève, Switzerland.
⁴⁸ Critical Care Unit, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain.
⁴⁹ Department of Surgery Mansoura, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
⁵⁰ Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario (HU) Terezinha de Jesus da Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas e da Saude de Juiz de Fora (SUPREMA), Hospital Universitario (HU) Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
⁵¹ Department of Internal Medicine, Pinnacle Health Hospital, Harrisburg, PA USA.
⁵² Department of Medicine, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire UK.
⁵³ Department of Surgery, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
⁵⁴ Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA USA.
⁵⁵ Department of Surgery, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
⁵⁶ General Surgery Department, Erzincan University Mengücek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey.
⁵⁷ School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan Malaysia.
⁵⁸ Department of Pharmacy Practice, St Louis College of Pharmacy, St Louis, MO USA.
⁵⁹ Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT Australia.
⁶⁰ Clinic For Emergency surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁶¹ General and Trauma Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, North Bronx Healthcare Network, Bronx, NY USA.
⁶² Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
⁶³ Division of Critical Care & Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
⁶⁴ Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital Meilahti, Helsinki, Finland.
⁶⁵ Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
⁶⁶ Department of Surgery, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, India.
⁶⁷ Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA.
⁶⁸ Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
⁶⁹ Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA.
⁷⁰ Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷¹ Department of Surgery, Fundación Valle del Lili, Hospital Universitario del Valle, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
⁷² Emergency Surgery and Trauma Unit, Department of Surgery, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
⁷³ Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
⁷⁴ Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital and Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁷⁵ Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Unit, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire UK.
⁷⁶ Department of Abdominal and General Surgery, General Hospital Jesenice, Jesenice, Slovenia.
⁷⁷ Department of Surgery, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
⁷⁸ Division of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
⁷⁹ Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
⁸⁰ Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA.
⁸¹ Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes, France.
⁸² AP-HP Bichat hospital, Medical and infectious diseases ICU, Paris, France.
⁸³ Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Macerata hospital, Macerata, Italy.
⁸⁴ 1st Surgical Clinic, University Hospital of St. Ann Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
⁸⁵ Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
⁸⁶ Infection Prevention/Epidemiology, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA USA.
⁸⁷ Infection Control Unit, Angers University, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.
⁸⁸ Department of Surgery, Ancona University Hospital, Ancona, Italy.
⁸⁹ Clinic of Infectious Diseases, St Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.

PMID: 26300956
PMCID: PMC4545872
DOI: 10.1186/s13017-015-0033-6

Abstract

In the last two decades there have been dramatic changes in the epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), with increases in incidence and severity of disease in many countries worldwide. The incidence of CDI has also increased in surgical patients. Optimization of management of C difficile, has therefore become increasingly urgent. An international multidisciplinary panel of experts prepared evidenced-based World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) guidelines for management of CDI in surgical patients.

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References

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WSES guidelines for management of Clostridium difficile infection in surgical patients

Affiliations

WSES guidelines for management of Clostridium difficile infection in surgical patients

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

References

Publication types

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources