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. 2015 Aug 5:(55):1-92.
doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489. eCollection 2015.

A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics

John D Mitchell  1 , Douglas C Daly  1
Affiliations

A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics

John D Mitchell et al. PhytoKeys. .

Abstract

As part of an ongoing study of Anacardiaceae subfamily Spondioideae, the ten native and one introduced species of Spondias in the Neotropics are revised. The genus is circumscribed. Three new species, Spondiasadmirabilis, Spondiasexpeditionaria, and Spondiasglobosa, are described and illustrated; a key to the taxa found in the Neotropics and distribution maps are provided. The Paleotropical species and allied genera are reviewed. Diagnostic character sets include leaf architecture, habit, flower morphology, and gross fruit morphology. Notes on the ecology and economic botany of the species are provided.

Keywords: Anacardiaceae; Neotropics; Spondias; fruit trees; leaf architecture; new species; taxonomy; tropical crops.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Leaf architecture of Spondias globosa. A Intramarginal vein B Secondary vein course straight C Composite admedial tertiary vein branching from intramarginal (defined by box)(from Vásquez 12866, NY).
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Leaflets of Spondias species, showing details of the margin (insets): Spondias dulcis (Ayala & Criollo 3982, NY); Spondias macrocarpa (Thomas et al. 6823, NY); Spondias mombin (Acevedo 6037, NY); Spondias globosa (Neill & Palacios 7079, NY); Spondias radlkoferi narrow-leaflet form (Crane 458, LL) and broad-leaflet form (Contreras 6976, LL); Spondias purpurea (Grijalva 770, NY); Spondias testudinis (Lao Magín 112, NY); Spondias tuberosa (Carvalho et al. 3767, NY); Spondias venulosa (Stehmann 20855, NY).
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Leaf architecture of Spondias purpurea. A Concave-convex tooth B Intramarginal vein (from Madsen 63428, NY).
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Leaf architecture of Spondias purpurea (contd.). A Tooth B Intersecondary vein C Irregularly spaced, arcuate secondaries. (from Madsen 63428, NY).
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Leaf architecture of Spondias radlkoferi. A Intersecondary vein B Arcuate secondary C Area of highly branched sclereids (from Mitchell 120, NY).
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Leaf architecture of Spondias venulosa. A Straight secondary vein course B Admedial tertiary vein (from Stefano et al. 201, NY).
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Leaf architecture of Spondias mombin. A Epimedial tertiaries B Somewhat arcuate secondary vein course C Intersecondary vein D Area of irregular-reticulate tertiaries. (from Hopkins 1454, NY).
Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Leaf architecture of Spondias admirabilis. A FEVs terminating in tracheoid idioblasts (from Farney et al. 3957, NY).
Figure 9.
Figure 9.
Leaf architecture of Spondias mombin (contd.). A Intramarginal vein B Fimbrial vein. (from Hopkins 1454, NY).
Figure 10.
Figure 10.
Leaf architecture of Spondias globosa (contd.). A Intramarginal vein B Incompletely looped marginal ultimate venation. (from Nelson 786, NY).
Figure 11.
Figure 11.
Flowers of Spondias mombin. A Opening bud B Flower at anthesis (top) and longisection at center of same C Flower post-anthesis with pistil further developed (top), longisection at center of same (bottom), and disk and pistil. A–C from Rusby & Squires 102 (NY).
Figure 12.
Figure 12.
Distribution of Spondias mombin.
Figure 13.
Figure 13.
Distributions of Spondias globosa and Spondias tuberosa.
Figure 14.
Figure 14.
Flowers of Spondias purpurea. A Staminate flower at anthesis (left), and same with corolla removed B Disk, staminode, and stamen C Pistillate flower at anthesis (left), and same in longisection through center plus articulated pedicel. A–B from Sidwell et al. 589 (NY) C from Daly 137 (NY).
Figure 15.
Figure 15.
Flowers of Spondias species: Spondias dulcis (Wurdack 315, NY); Spondias macrocarpa (Spada 013/77, NY); Spondias globosa (Daly et al. 7836, NY); Spondias radlkoferi (Heithaus 119, NY); Spondias testudinis (Lao Magín 112, NY); Spondias tuberosa (Carauta 552, NY); Spondias venulosa (Queiroz 2604, NY).
Figure 16.
Figure 16.
Fruits of Neotropical Spondias. Spondias dulcis (dry fruit: Berlin 870, NY; and longisection: unvouchered photo), Spondias macrocarpa (dry fruit: Thomas et al. 6823, NY), Spondias expeditionaria (endocarp and fresh fruit: Lorenzi s.n., NY), Spondias mombin (dry fruit: Mostacedo 2941, NY; endocarp: Moraes 1046, NY), Spondias globosa (fresh fruit [top], dry fruit, and endocarp: Daly et al. 8472, NY), Spondias purpurea (fresh fruit: unvouchered photo; dry fruit: Moreno 2827, NY; endocarp: Magallanes 3887), Spondias admirabilis (dry fruit: Farney et al. 4046, NY), Spondias radlkoferi (dry fruit: Nee 6729, NY; endocarp: Moran 6291, NY), Spondias testudinis (fresh and dry fruit; Daly et al. 7559, NY), Spondias tuberosa (fresh fruit: from Morton, 1987; dry fruit: Mattos Silva 2299, NY), and Spondias venulosa (fresh fruit: from photo in Lorenzi, 1998; dry fruit: Araújo 7828, NY).
Figure 17.
Figure 17.
Spondias testudinis. A Branchlet B Detail of leaflet blade and margin C Inflorescence D Bud E Flower at anthesis F Longisection through same at center G Fresh fruit H Seedling. A, B from Lao Magín 112 (NY) C–F from Lao Magín 83 (NY) G from specimen and field photo of Daly et al. 7559 (NY) H from specimen and field photo of Daly et al. 7251 (NY).
Figure 18.
Figure 18.
Spondias admirabilis. A Fruiting branchlet B Cymule with flower at anthesis (left); top view of stamens, disk, and immature pistil (right top); and longisection at center of flower with more of stamens removed C Whole leaf (right) and rachis plus leaflet bases (inset) D Leaf venation detail. A from Farney et al. 3957 (NY). B from Lanna Sobrinho 1587 (NY). C–D from Farney et al. 4172 (NY).
Figure 19.
Figure 19.
Distributions of Spondias admirabilis, Spondias expeditionaria, and Spondias macrocarpa.
Figure 20.
Figure 20.
Distribution of Spondias dulcis.
Figure 21.
Figure 21.
Spondias expeditionaria. A Flowering branchlet B Flower at anthesis and articulated pedicel (left), longisection through flower at center (right), and top view of stamens (most missing anthers), disk, and pistil C Whole leaf and detail of rachis and leaflet base (inset) D Detail of leaflet venation and margin E Endocarp. A–E from Lorenzi s.n. (NY).
Figure 22.
Figure 22.
Distribution of Spondias purpurea.
Figure 23.
Figure 23.
Distribution of Spondias radlkoferi.
Figure 24.
Figure 24.
Distributions of Spondias testudinis and Spondias venulosa.
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