Solvent effects on phytochemical constituent profiles and antioxidant activities, using four different extraction formulations for analysis of Bucida buceras L. and Phoradendron californicum

Abstract

Background: The present investigation evaluated 4 different solvent compositions for their relative capacity to extract total phenolic and total flavonoid (TF) components of the leaves, trunks, and stems of Bucida buceras L. (Combretaceae), and the stems of Phoradendron californicum (Viscaceae), plus mesquite and oak species endemic to the Southwestern United States, northern Mexico, and tropical regions of Central and South America, as well as to profile the composition of these plant materials and to measure their antioxidant capacity.

Methods: The total phenolic content of plant material used in the present investigation was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteau assay. Total flavonoids were assayed by AlCl3 and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazin colorimetry. Nitroblue tetrazolium was utilized for scavenging of superoxide anion, and in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power assays.

Results: Phytochemical screening of each plant extract evaluated revealed the following major results: (1) No evidence of alkaloids for each of the extraction phases tested was detected in the hexanic, ethanolic, or aqueous phases of Bucida buceras and Phoradendron californicum (oak and mesquite); (2) Analysis of the hexane phase of B. buceras and P. californicum (mesquite) extracts revealed the presence of carotenes, triterpenes/steroids, and lactonic groups; (3) Analysis of the ethanol and aqueous extraction phases for both plants revealed the presence of a diverse range of compounds, including tripterpenes/steroids, lactonics groups, saponins, phenols/tannins, amines and/or amino acids, and flavonoids/anthocyanins; and (4) The highest total phenolic and flavonoid content were observed in P. californicum (oak): 523.886 ± 51.457 µg GAE/mg extract and 409.651 ± 23.091 µg/mg of extract for methanol and aqueous fractions, respectively. The highest flavonoid content was 237.273 ± 21.250 µg PNE/mg extract in the acetone extract of Bucida buceras stems; while the flavonol content (260.685 ± 23.031 µg CE/mg extract) was higher in the ethanol extract of P. californicum (oak). The acetone extract of B. buceras trunk extract showed the highest levels of DPPH radical-scavenging activity (IC50 = 4.136 ± 0.446 µg/mL) and reducing power (4928.392 ± 281.427 µM AAE/mg extract). The highest superoxide radical scavenging activity (IC50) was 55.249 ± 9.829 µg/mL, observed in acetone extracts of B. buceras leaves.

Conclusions: The results of the present investigation demonstrated the effects of extraction solvent on phenolic and flavonoid content yield-and antioxidant activities by Bucida buceras and Phoradendron californicum. The present investigation further revealed that Bucida buceras exhibited optimal antioxidant capacity when acetone was used as extraction solvent; and the highest yield of phenols and flavonoids were obtained from the P. californicum oak, using methanol and aqueous solvents, respectively.

Fig. 1

Total phenols content from B. buceras and P. californicum of oak and mesquite in different solvent type. Values as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3) × triplicate. Different lowercase letter indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between different solvent type in the same plant part and different capital letter indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between the same solvent type in different plant part for B. buceras and same solvent type in same part (stems) for P. californicum (oak and mesquite)

Fig. 2

DPPH radical scavenging activity of the different extracts from B. buceras and P. californicum of mesquite and oak. Values as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3) × triplicate. Different lowercase letter indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between different solvent type in the same plant part and different capital letter indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between the same solvent type in different plant part for B. buceras and same solvent type in same part (stems) for P. californicum (oak and mesquite)

Fig. 3

Reducing power of different extracts from B. buceras and P. californicum of mesquite and oak. Values as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3) × triplicate. Different lowercase letter indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between different solvent type in the same plant part and different capital letter indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between the same solvent type in different plant part for B. buceras and same solvent type in same part (stems) for P. californicum (oak and mesquite)

Fig. 4

Superoxide radical scavenging activity of the different extracts from B. buceras and of mesquite and oak. Values as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3) × triplicate. Different lowercase letter indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between different solvent type in the same plant part and different capital letter indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between the same solvent type in different plant part for B. buceras and same solvent type in same part (stems) for P. californicum (oak and mesquite)