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. 2016 Feb;24(2):107-16.
doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2015.04.007. Epub 2015 Jun 21.

Frontotemporal Dementia and Psychiatric Illness: Emerging Clinical and Biological Links in Gene Carriers

Nikolas R Block  1 , Sharon J Sha  2 , Anna M Karydas  3 , Jamie C Fong  3 , Mary G De May  3 , Bruce L Miller  3 , Howard J Rosen  3
Affiliations

Frontotemporal Dementia and Psychiatric Illness: Emerging Clinical and Biological Links in Gene Carriers

Nikolas R Block et al. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016 Feb.

Abstract

Objective: To describe psychiatric presentations in individuals with genetic mutations causing frontotemporal dementia (FTD).

Design: Case descriptions from five carriers of FTD-related gene mutations with symptoms associated with non-neurodegenerative psychiatric disease.

Setting: A comprehensive research program investigating genetic and non-genetic FTD at the University of California, San Francisco Memory and Aging Center.

Participants: Three proband and two non-proband gene carriers.

Measurements: Medical history and neurological examination, neuropsychological testing, magnetic resonance and/or positron emission tomography imaging, and a genetic analysis to screen for dementia-related mutations. Genetic status was unknown at the time of initial evaluation.

Results: The chosen cases are illustrative of the variety of presentations of psychiatric symptoms in FTD gene carriers. In some cases, a non-neurodegenerative psychiatric illness was diagnosed based on specific symptoms, but the diagnosis may have been inappropriate based on the overall syndrome. In other cases, symptoms closely resembling those seen in non-neurodegenerative psychiatric illness did occur, in some cases immediately preceding the development of dementia, and in other cases developing a decade prior to dementia symptoms.

Conclusions: Psychiatric symptoms in FTD gene carriers can be very similar to those seen in non-neurodegenerative psychiatric illness. Psychiatric symptoms with atypical features (e.g., late-life onset, insidiously worsening course) should prompt careful assessment for neurodegenerative disease. Guidelines for such an assessment should be established.

Keywords: C9ORF72; Frontotemporal dementia; psychiatric disease.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A and B) T1-weighted 3T MRI of Case 1, indicating (A) mild to moderate anterior temporal lobe and (B) frontal lobe atrophy. (C) FDG-PET with bifrontal hypometabolism (pons-normalized; SUVR=0.1–2.5). (D) Amyloid-PET negative for amyloid binding (cerebellum-normalized, SUVR=0.1–3.0).
Figure 2
Figure 2
T1-weighted 3T MRI of Case 2, showing moderate bilateral parietal lobe and bi-frontal lobe atrophy, notably in the medial-frontal areas (A and B). Mild vermian (C) and caudate atrophy (B) was also noted.
Figure 3
Figure 3
T1-weighted 1.5T MRI of Case 3, showing diffuse atrophy with right-greater-than-left frontal predominance.
Figure 4
Figure 4
T1-weighted 3T MRI of Case 4, showing mild global atrophy with slight posterior predominance and bilateral hippocampal atrophy.
Figure 5
Figure 5
T1-weighted 3T MRI of Case 5, showing possible posterior-frontal lobe atrophy.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Depiction of possible biological changes and corresponding symptomatology. Cases 2 and 3 present psychiatric disease in phase III as an early sign of cell death, whereas cases 4 and 5 present phase-II isolated psychiatric disease and relative recovery during functional synaptic changes and neurotransmitter instability, followed by later phase-III neurodegenerative decline.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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