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. 2015 Feb 19:19:5.
doi: 10.1186/s40824-014-0025-8. eCollection 2015.

Engineered biomaterials for development of nucleic acid vaccines

Jun Yang  1 , Yan Li  2 , Shubin Jin  3 , Jing Xu  3 , Paul C Wang  4 , Xing-Jie Liang  3 , Xin Zhang  1
Affiliations

Engineered biomaterials for development of nucleic acid vaccines

Jun Yang et al. Biomater Res. .

Abstract

Nucleic acid vaccines have attracted many attentions since they have presented some superiority over traditional vaccines. However, they could only induce moderate immunogenicity. The route and formulation of nucleic acid vaccines have strong effects on the immune response and efficiency. Numerous biomaterials are used as a tool to enhance the immunogenicity of antigens. They deliver the antigens into the cells through particle- and non-particle-mediated pathway. However, challenges remain due to lack of comprehensive understanding of the actions of these biomaterials as a carrier/adjuvant. Herein, this review focuses on the evolution of biomaterials used for nucleic acid vaccines, discusses the advantages and disadvantages for gene delivery and immunostimulation of variety of structures of the biomaterials, in order to provide new thought on rational design of carrier/adjuvant and better understanding of mechanism of action in both immunostimulatory and delivery methods.

Keywords: Adjuvant; Biomaterials; Gene delivery; Immunogenicity; Nucleic acid vaccine.

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Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Induction of cellular and humoral immunity by DNA vaccine. (1) transportation to APC, (2) endocytosis, (3) endosomal escape and release of nucleic acid, (4) entry into nucleus, (5) expression of antigen, (6) antigen processing and presentation through MHC, (7) activation of CD4+ (help T-cells, TH) and CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic T-cells, CTL), (8) stimulation of the differentiation of B cells.
Scheme 2
Scheme 2
The surface coatings process of gold nanoparticles (Au NRs) as vaccine adjuvants. Reproduced and modified with permission from [32].
Figure 1
Figure 1
The structures of polymers used as DNA delivery carriers.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The structure of G-NMe (A) and the process of nanofiber formed after enzymatic conversion to enhance immune responses of DNA vaccines in mice model (B). Reproduced and modified with permission from [57].
Figure 3
Figure 3
The illustration of multilayer tattooing strategy with vaccine-loaded microneedle coatings (A) and the controlled release process (B). Reproduced and modified with permission from [65].
Figure 4
Figure 4
The illustration of self-amplifying RNA (A) and the construction of the lipid nanoparticles (LNP) encapsulating self-amplifying RNA (B). Reproduced and modified with permission from [67].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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