Dose and dose-rate effects of ionizing radiation: a discussion in the light of radiological protection

doi:10.1007/s00411-015-0613-6

. 2015 Nov;54(4):379-401.

doi: 10.1007/s00411-015-0613-6. Epub 2015 Sep 5.

Dose and dose-rate effects of ionizing radiation: a discussion in the light of radiological protection

Werner Rühm¹, Gayle E Woloschak², Roy E Shore³, Tamara V Azizova⁴, Bernd Grosche⁵, Ohtsura Niwa⁶, Suminori Akiba⁷, Tetsuya Ono⁸, Keiji Suzuki⁹, Toshiyasu Iwasaki¹⁰, Nobuhiko Ban¹¹, Michiaki Kai¹², Christopher H Clement¹³, Simon Bouffler¹⁴, Hideki Toma¹⁵, Nobuyuki Hamada¹⁶

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Radiation Protection, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
² Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
³ Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, 732-0815, Japan.
⁴ Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Ozyorskoe Shosse 19, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russian Federation, 456780.
⁵ Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
⁶ Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
⁷ Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima City, Japan.
⁸ Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Rokkasho, Aomori-ken, 039-3212, Japan.
⁹ Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
¹⁰ Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Tokyo, 201-8511, Japan.
¹¹ Faculty of Nursing, Tokyo Healthcare University, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8558, Japan.
¹² Department of Environmental Health Science, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, 2944-9 Megusuno, Oita, 840-1201, Japan.
¹³ International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), PO Box 1046, Station B, 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, ON, K1P 5S9, Canada.
¹⁴ Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England (PHE), Chilton, Didcot, OX11 ORQ, UK.
¹⁵ JAPAN NUS Co., Ltd. (JANUS), 7-5-25 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.
¹⁶ International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), PO Box 1046, Station B, 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, ON, K1P 5S9, Canada. hamada@icrp.org.

PMID: 26343037
DOI: 10.1007/s00411-015-0613-6

Dose and dose-rate effects of ionizing radiation: a discussion in the light of radiological protection

Werner Rühm et al. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2015 Nov.

. 2015 Nov;54(4):379-401.

doi: 10.1007/s00411-015-0613-6. Epub 2015 Sep 5.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Radiation Protection, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
² Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
³ Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, 732-0815, Japan.
⁴ Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Ozyorskoe Shosse 19, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russian Federation, 456780.
⁵ Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
⁶ Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
⁷ Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima City, Japan.
⁸ Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Rokkasho, Aomori-ken, 039-3212, Japan.
⁹ Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
¹⁰ Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Tokyo, 201-8511, Japan.
¹¹ Faculty of Nursing, Tokyo Healthcare University, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8558, Japan.
¹² Department of Environmental Health Science, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, 2944-9 Megusuno, Oita, 840-1201, Japan.
¹³ International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), PO Box 1046, Station B, 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, ON, K1P 5S9, Canada.
¹⁴ Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England (PHE), Chilton, Didcot, OX11 ORQ, UK.
¹⁵ JAPAN NUS Co., Ltd. (JANUS), 7-5-25 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.
¹⁶ International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), PO Box 1046, Station B, 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, ON, K1P 5S9, Canada. hamada@icrp.org.

PMID: 26343037
DOI: 10.1007/s00411-015-0613-6

Abstract

The biological effects on humans of low-dose and low-dose-rate exposures to ionizing radiation have always been of major interest. The most recent concept as suggested by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is to extrapolate existing epidemiological data at high doses and dose rates down to low doses and low dose rates relevant to radiological protection, using the so-called dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF). The present paper summarizes what was presented and discussed by experts from ICRP and Japan at a dedicated workshop on this topic held in May 2015 in Kyoto, Japan. This paper describes the historical development of the DDREF concept in light of emerging scientific evidence on dose and dose-rate effects, summarizes the conclusions recently drawn by a number of international organizations (e.g., BEIR VII, ICRP, SSK, UNSCEAR, and WHO), mentions current scientific efforts to obtain more data on low-dose and low-dose-rate effects at molecular, cellular, animal and human levels, and discusses future options that could be useful to improve and optimize the DDREF concept for the purpose of radiological protection.

Keywords: DDREF; DREF; ICRP; LDEF; LNT model; Radiation risk.

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References

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[1] Int J Radiat Biol. 2010 Sep;86(9):760-8 - PubMed

[2] Int J Radiat Biol. 2010 Sep;86(9):760-8 - PubMed

[3] Ann ICRP. 2007;37(2-4):1-332 - PubMed

[4] Ann ICRP. 2007;37(2-4):1-332 - PubMed

[5] Leukemia. 2013 Jan;27(1):3-9 - PubMed

[6] Leukemia. 2013 Jan;27(1):3-9 - PubMed

[7] BMJ. 2005 Jul 9;331(7508):77 - PubMed

[8] BMJ. 2005 Jul 9;331(7508):77 - PubMed

[9] PLoS One. 2015 Apr 17;10(4):e0124433 - PubMed

[10] PLoS One. 2015 Apr 17;10(4):e0124433 - PubMed

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Dose and dose-rate effects of ionizing radiation: a discussion in the light of radiological protection

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Dose and dose-rate effects of ionizing radiation: a discussion in the light of radiological protection

Authors

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Abstract

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