Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2015 Sep 7;2015(9):CD002098.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002098.pub2.

Interactive telemedicine: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes

Gerd Flodgren  1 , Antoine Rachas, Andrew J Farmer, Marco Inzitari, Sasha Shepperd
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interactive telemedicine: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes

Gerd Flodgren et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Telemedicine (TM) is the use of telecommunication systems to deliver health care at a distance. It has the potential to improve patient health outcomes, access to health care and reduce healthcare costs. As TM applications continue to evolve it is important to understand the impact TM might have on patients, healthcare professionals and the organisation of care.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness, acceptability and costs of interactive TM as an alternative to, or in addition to, usual care (i.e. face-to-face care, or telephone consultation).

Search methods: We searched the Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) Group's specialised register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, five other databases and two trials registers to June 2013, together with reference checking, citation searching, handsearching and contact with study authors to identify additional studies.

Selection criteria: We considered randomised controlled trials of interactive TM that involved direct patient-provider interaction and was delivered in addition to, or substituting for, usual care compared with usual care alone, to participants with any clinical condition. We excluded telephone only interventions and wholly automatic self-management TM interventions.

Data collection and analysis: For each condition, we pooled outcome data that were sufficiently homogenous using fixed effect meta-analysis. We reported risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous outcomes, and mean differences (MD) for continuous outcomes.

Main results: We included 93 eligible trials (N = 22,047 participants), which evaluated the effectiveness of interactive TM delivered in addition to (32% of studies), as an alternative to (57% of studies), or partly substituted for usual care (11%) as compared to usual care alone.The included studies recruited patients with the following clinical conditions: cardiovascular disease (36), diabetes (21), respiratory conditions (9), mental health or substance abuse conditions (7), conditions requiring a specialist consultation (6), co morbidities (3), urogenital conditions (3), neurological injuries and conditions (2), gastrointestinal conditions (2), neonatal conditions requiring specialist care (2), solid organ transplantation (1), and cancer (1).Telemedicine provided remote monitoring (55 studies), or real-time video-conferencing (38 studies), which was used either alone or in combination. The main TM function varied depending on clinical condition, but fell typically into one of the following six categories, with some overlap: i) monitoring of a chronic condition to detect early signs of deterioration and prompt treatment and advice, (41); ii) provision of treatment or rehabilitation (12), for example the delivery of cognitive behavioural therapy, or incontinence training; iii) education and advice for self-management (23), for example nurses delivering education to patients with diabetes or providing support to parents of very low birth weight infants or to patients with home parenteral nutrition; iv) specialist consultations for diagnosis and treatment decisions (8), v) real-time assessment of clinical status, for example post-operative assessment after minor operation or follow-up after solid organ transplantation (8) vi), screening, for angina (1).The type of data transmitted by the patient, the frequency of data transfer, (e.g. telephone, e-mail, SMS) and frequency of interactions between patient and healthcare provider varied across studies, as did the type of healthcare provider/s and healthcare system involved in delivering the intervention.We found no difference between groups for all-cause mortality for patients with heart failure (16 studies; N = 5239; RR:0.89, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.03, P = 0.12; I(2) = 44%) (moderate to high certainty of evidence) at a median of six months follow-up. Admissions to hospital (11 studies; N = 4529) ranged from a decrease of 64% to an increase of 60% at median eight months follow-up (moderate certainty of evidence). We found some evidence of improved quality of life (five studies; N = 482; MD:-4.39, 95% CI -7.94 to -0.83; P < 0.02; I(2) = 0%) (moderate certainty of evidence) for those allocated to TM as compared with usual care at a median three months follow-up. In studies recruiting participants with diabetes (16 studies; N = 2768) we found lower glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c %) levels in those allocated to TM than in controls (MD -0.31, 95% CI -0.37 to -0.24; P < 0.00001; I(2)= 42%, P = 0.04) (high certainty of evidence) at a median of nine months follow-up. We found some evidence for a decrease in LDL (four studies, N = 1692; MD -12.45, 95% CI -14.23 to -10.68; P < 0.00001; I(2 =) 0%) (moderate certainty of evidence), and blood pressure (four studies, N = 1770: MD: SBP:-4.33, 95% CI -5.30 to -3.35, P < 0.00001; I(2) = 17%; DBP: -2.75 95% CI -3.28 to -2.22, P < 0.00001; I(2) = 45% (moderate certainty evidence), in TM as compared with usual care.Seven studies that recruited participants with different mental health and substance abuse problems, reported no differences in the effect of therapy delivered over video-conferencing, as compared to face-to-face delivery. Findings from the other studies were inconsistent; there was some evidence that monitoring via TM improved blood pressure control in participants with hypertension, and a few studies reported improved symptom scores for those with a respiratory condition. Studies recruiting participants requiring mental health services and those requiring specialist consultation for a dermatological condition reported no differences between groups.

Authors' conclusions: The findings in our review indicate that the use of TM in the management of heart failure appears to lead to similar health outcomes as face-to-face or telephone delivery of care; there is evidence that TM can improve the control of blood glucose in those with diabetes. The cost to a health service, and acceptability by patients and healthcare professionals, is not clear due to limited data reported for these outcomes. The effectiveness of TM may depend on a number of different factors, including those related to the study population e.g. the severity of the condition and the disease trajectory of the participants, the function of the intervention e.g., if it is used for monitoring a chronic condition, or to provide access to diagnostic services, as well as the healthcare provider and healthcare system involved in delivering the intervention.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Authors Gerd Flodgren, Antoine Rachas, Andrew J Farmer, Marco Inzitari, and Sasha Shepperd have declared no competing interests.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies. White spaces in this figure represent instances where it was not possible to make a judgment regarding blinding of objective or non‐objective outcomes,
3
3
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study. White spaces in this figure represent instances where it was not possible to make a judgment regarding blinding of objective or non‐objective outcomes,
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Telemedicine with and without usual care versus usual care only: Heart failure, outcome: 1.1 All‐cause mortality at median 6 months follow‐up.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 Telemedicine with and without usual care vs.usual care only ‐ Diabetes Mellitus, outcome: 2.1 HbA1c at median 9 months follow‐up.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telemedicine with and without usual care vs. usual care only‐Heart failure, Outcome 1 All‐cause mortality at median 6 months follow‐up.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telemedicine with and without usual care vs. usual care only‐Heart failure, Outcome 2 Disease‐specific quality of life at median 3 months follow‐up.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telemedicine with and without usual care vs. usual care only‐Heart failure, Outcome 3 All‐cause hospital admissions at median 8 months follow‐up.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telemedicine with and without usual care vs. usual care only‐Heart failure, Outcome 4 ED and urgent care visits at median 4 months follow‐up.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telemedicine with and without usual care vs. usual care only‐Heart failure, Outcome 5 Length of stay at median 6 months follow‐up.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telemedicine with and without usual care vs. usual care only‐Heart failure, Outcome 6 Length of stay related to heart failure at median 6 months follow‐up.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Telemedicine with and without usual care vs.usual care only ‐ Diabetes Mellitus, Outcome 1 HbA1c at median 9 months follow‐up.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Telemedicine with and without usual care vs.usual care only ‐ Diabetes Mellitus, Outcome 2 LDL‐cholesterol at median 6 months follow‐up.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Telemedicine with and without usual care vs.usual care only ‐ Diabetes Mellitus, Outcome 3 HDL‐cholesterol at median 6 months follow‐up.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Telemedicine with and without usual care vs.usual care only ‐ Diabetes Mellitus, Outcome 4 Total cholesterol at median 6 months follow‐up.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Telemedicine with and without usual care vs.usual care only ‐ Diabetes Mellitus, Outcome 5 Triglycerides at median 6 months follow‐up.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Telemedicine with and without usual care vs.usual care only ‐ Diabetes Mellitus, Outcome 6 Systolic blood pressure at median 9 months follow‐up.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Telemedicine with and without usual care vs.usual care only ‐ Diabetes Mellitus, Outcome 7 Diastolic blood pressure at median 9 months follow‐up.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Telemedicine with and without usual care vs.usual care only ‐ Diabetes Mellitus, Outcome 8 Total body weight at median 6 months follow‐up.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Comment in

References

References to studies included in this review

Ahring 1992 {published data only}
    1. Ahring K, Joyce C, Ahring J, Farid N. Telephone modem access improves diabetes control in those with insulin‐requiring diabetes. Diabetes Care 1992;15(8):971‐5. - PubMed
Al Khatib 2009 {published data only}
    1. Al‐Khatib SM, Piccini JP, Knight D, Stewart M, Clapp‐Channing N, Sanders GD. Remote monitoring of implantable cardioverter defibrillators versus quarterly device interrogations in clinic: results from a randomized pilot clinical trial. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 2010;21(5):545‐50. - PubMed
Antonicelli 2008 {published data only}
    1. Antonicelli R, Testarmata P, Spazzafumo L, Gagliardi C, Bilo G, Valentini M, et al. Impact of telemonitoring at home on the management of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2008;14(6):300‐5. - PubMed
Artinian 2007 {published data only}
    1. Artinian NT, Flack JM, Nordstrom CK, Hockman EM, Washington OGM, Jen K‐LC, et al. Effects of Nurse‐Managed Telemonitoring on Blood Pressure at 12‐Month Follow‐Up Among Urban African Americans. Nursing Research 2007;56(5):312‐22. - PubMed
    1. Artinian NT, Washington OGM, Templin TN. Effects of home telemonitoring and community based monitoring on blood pressure control in urban African‐Americans; a pilot study. Heart & Lung 2001;30(3):191‐9. - PubMed
Benatar 2003 {published data only}
    1. Benatar D, Bondmass M, Ghitelman J, Avitall B. Outcomes of chronic heart failure. Archives of Internal Medicine 2003;163(3):347‐52. - PubMed
    1. Bondmass MD. Improving outcomes for African Americans with chronic heart failure: a comparison of two home care management delivery methods. Home Health Care Management and Practice 2007;20(1):8‐20.
Bergmo 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bergmo TS, Wangberg SC, Schopf TR, Solvoll T. Web‐based consultations for parents of children with atopic dermatitis: results of a randomized controlled trial. Acta Paediatrica 2009;98(2):316‐20. - PubMed
Biermann 2000 {published data only}
    1. Biermann E, Dietrich W, Rihl J, Standl E. Are there time and cost savings by using telemanagement for patients on intensified insulin therapy? A randomised, controlled trial. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 2002;69(2):137‐46. - PubMed
    1. Biermann E, Dietrich W, Standl E. Telecare of diabetic patients with intensified insulin therapy. A randomized clinical trial. Studies in Health Technology Information 2000;77:327‐32. - PubMed
Boaz 2009 {published data only}
    1. Boaz M, Hellman K, Wainstein J. An automated telemedicine system improves patient‐reported well‐being. Diabetes Technology and Therapy 2009;11(3):181‐6. - PubMed
Bond 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bond GE, Burr R, Wolf FM, Price M, McCurry SM, Teri L. The effects of a web‐based Intervention on the physical outcomes associated with diabetes among adults age 60 and older: a randomized trial. Diabetes Technology and Therapy 2007;9(1):52‐9. [DOI: 10.1089/dia.2006.0057] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bond GE, Burr RL, Wolf FM, Feldt K. The effects of a web‐based intervention on psychosocial well‐being among adults aged 60 and older with diabetes: a randomized trial. Diabetes Educator 2010;36(3):446‐56. - PubMed
Bowles 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bowles KH, Hanlon AL, Glick HA, Naylor MD, O'Connor M, Riegel B, et al. Clinical effectiveness, access to, and satisfaction with care using a telehomecare substitution intervention: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Telemedicine & Applications 2011;2011:1‐13. - PMC - PubMed
Boyne 2012 {published data only}
    1. Boyne J, Vrijhoef HJ, Nieman FH, Wit R, Kragten J, Weerd GJ, et al. Telemonitoring in patients with heart failure: Results from a multicenter randomized controlled trial (the tehaf study). Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011; Vol. Conference: 60th Annual Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology and i2 Summit: Innovation in Intervention, ACC.11 New Orleans, LA United States. Conference Start: 20110402 Conference End: 20110405. Conference Publication::var.pagings.
    1. Boyne J, Vrijhoef HJM, Spreeuwenberg M, Kragten J, Deweerd G, Gorgels APM. The effects of telemonitoring on heart failure patients' knowledge, self‐care, self‐efficacy and adherence: a randomized controlled trial. European Heart Journal. 2012; Vol. Conference: ESC Congress 2012 Munchen Germany. Conference Start: 20120825 Conference End: 20120829. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:33.
    1. Boyne JJ, Vrijhoef HJ, Crijns HJ, Weerd G, Kragten J, Gorgels AP, et al. Tailored telemonitoring in patients with heart failure: results of a multicentre randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Heart Failure 2012;14(7):791‐801. - PubMed
    1. Boyne JJJ, Asselt ADI, Gorgels APM, Steuten LMG, Weerd G, Kragten J, et al. Cost‐effectiveness analysis of telemonitoring versus usual care in patients with heart failure: the TEHAF‐study. Journal of Telemedicine & Telecare 2013;19(5):242‐8. - PubMed
    1. Boyne JJJ, Vrijhoef HJM, Wit R, Gorgels APM. Telemonitoring in patients with heart failure, the TEHAF study: Study protocol of an ongoing prospective randomised trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 2011;48(1):94‐9. - PubMed
Capomolla 2004 {published data only}
    1. Capomolla S, Pinna GD, Rovere MT, Maestri R, Ceresa M, Ferrari M, et al. Heart failure case disease management program:a pilot study of home telemonitoring versus usual care. European Heart Journal Supplements 2004;6(Suppl.F):F91–8.
Chambers 2006 {published data only}
    1. Chambers A, Hennessy E, Powell‐Tuck J. Longitudinal trends in quality of life after starting home parenteral nutrition: a randomised controlled study of telemedicine. Clinical Nutrition 2006;25(3):505‐14. - PubMed
Chan 2007 {published data only}
    1. Chan DS, Callahan CW, Hatch‐Pigott VB, Lawless A, Proffitt HL, Manning NE, et al. Internet‐based home monitoring and education of children with asthma is comparable to ideal office‐based care: results of a 1‐year asthma in‐home monitoring trial. Pediatrics 2007;119(3):569‐78. - PubMed
    1. Chan DS, Callahan CW, Sheets SJ, Moreno N, Malone FJ. An Internet‐based store‐and‐forward video home telehealth system for improving asthma outcomes in children. American Journal of Health‐Systems Pharmacy 2003;60(19):1976‐81. - PubMed
Charpentier 2011 {published data only}
    1. Charpentier G, Benhamou PY, Dardari D, Clergeot A, Franc S, Schaepelynck‐Belicar P, et al. The Diabeo software enabling individualized insulin dose adjustments combined with telemedicine support improves HbA1c in poorly controlled type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2011;34:533‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Chase 2003 {published data only}
    1. Chase P, Pearson JA, Wightman C, Roberts MD, Oderberg AD, Garg SK. Modem transmission of glucose values reduces the costs and need for clinic visits. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1475‐9. - PubMed
Chaudry 2010 {published data only}
    1. Chaudhry SI, Mattera JA, Curtis JP, Spertus JA, Herrin J, Lin Z. Telemonitoring in patients with heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine. 2010;363(24):2301‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Chiantera 2005 {published data only}
    1. Chiantera A, Scalvini S, Pulignano G, Pugliese M, Lio L, Mazza A, et al. Role of telecardiology in the assessment of angina in patients with recent acute coronary syndrome. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2005;11(Suppl.1):93‐4. - PubMed
Chong 2012 {published data only}
    1. Chong J, Moreno F. Feasibility and acceptability of clinic‐based telepsychiatry for low‐income Hispanic primary care patients. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2012;18(4):297‐304. - PubMed
    1. Moreno FA, Chong J, Dumbauld J, Humke M, Byreddy S. Use of standard Webcam and Internet equipment for telepsychiatry treatment of depression among underserved Hispanics. Psychiatric services (Washington, D 2012;C.). 63(12):1213‐7. - PubMed
Cleland 2005 {published data only}
    1. Cleland JGF, Louis AA, Rigby AS, Janssens U, Balk AH. Noninvasive home telemonitoring for patients with heart failure at high risk of recurrent admission and death. The Trans‐European Network–Home‐Care Management System (TEN‐HMS) study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2005;45(10):1654–64. - PubMed
Cross 2012 {published data only}
    1. Cross RK, Arora M, Finkelstein J. Acceptance of telemanagement is high in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Clincal Gastroenterology 2006;40:200‐8. - PubMed
    1. Cross RK, Cheevers N, Finkelstein J. Home telemanagement for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC HAT). Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2009;54:2463–72. - PubMed
    1. Cross RK, Cheevers N, Rustgi A, Langenberg P, Finkelstein J. A randomized, controlled trial of home telemanagement in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC HAT). Inflammatory Bowel Disease 2012;18(6):1018‐25. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cross RK, Finkelstein J. Feasibility and acceptance of a home telemanagement system in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a 6‐month pilot study. Digestive Disease and Science 2007;52:357‐64. - PubMed
Crossley 2011 {published data only}
    1. Chen J, Wilkoff BL, Choucair W, Cohen TJ, Crossley GH, Johnson WB, et al. Design of the Pacemaker REmote Follow‐up Evaluation and Review (PREFER) trial to assess the clinical value of the remote pacemaker interrogation in the management of pacemaker patients. Trials 2008;9(18):1‐6. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Crossley GH, Boyle A, Vitense H, Chang Y, Mead HR. The CONNECT (Clinical Evaluation of Remote Notification to Reduce Time to Clinical Decision) trial: the value of wireless remote monitoring with automatic clinician alerts. Journal of American College of Cardiology 2011;57:1181‐9. - PubMed
Dallollio 2008 {published data only}
    1. Dallolio L, Menarini M, China S, Ventura M, Stainthorpe A, Soopramanien A, et al. Functional and clinical outcomes of telemedicine in patients with spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medical Rehabilitation 2008;89:2332‐41. - PubMed
    1. Pain H, Soopramanien A, Dallolio L, Prior R, Menarini M, Ventura M, et al. Outcomes from a randomized controlled trial of tele‐rehabilitation for people with spinal cord injuries. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2007;13(Suppl 1):46‐8.
Dansky 2008 {published data only}
    1. Dansky KH, Vasey J, Bowles K. Impact of telehealth on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. Clinical Nursing Research 2008;17(3):182‐99. - PubMed
Dar 2009 {published data only}
    1. Dar O, Riley J, Chapman C, Dubrey SW, Morris S, Rosen SD, et al. A randomized trial of home telemonitoring in atypical elderly heart failure population in NorthWest London: results of the Home‐HF study. European Journal of Heart Failure 2009;11:319‐25. - PMC - PubMed
Davis 2010 {published data only}
    1. Davis R, Hitch A, Salaam M, Nichols M, Moran R, Mayer‐Davis EJ. The diabetes TeleCare (DTC) Study: 24‐month follow‐up data on patients living in rural medically underserved areas. Conference Abstract. Conference: 69th Annual Meeting of the American Diabetes Association New Orleans, LA United States. 2009, issue var.pagings.
    1. Davis R, Mayer‐Davis EJ. Cost effectiveness of a telehealth‐based diabetes self‐management (DSME) intervention in a rural community. Diabetes 2011; Vol. Conference: 71st Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association San Diego, CA United States. Conference Start: 20110624 Conference End: 20110628. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:60‐A326.
    1. Davis RM, Fowler S, Bellis K, Pockl J, Al Pakalnis V, Woldorf A. Telemedicine improves eye examination rates in individuals with diabetes: a model for eye‐care delivery in underserved communities. Investigative Ophtalmology and Visual Science 2003;26(8):2476. - PubMed
    1. Davis RM, Hitch AD, Salaam MM, Herman WH, Zimmer‐Galler IE, Mayer‐Davis EJ. TeleHealth improves diabetes self‐management in an underserved community. Diabetes Care 2010;33:1712–7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Davis RM, Pockl J, Bellis K. Improved diabetic eye care utilizing telemedicine: A randomized controlled trial. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2003;44:E‐Abstract 166.
De Las Cuevas 2006 {published data only}
    1. Las Cuevas C, Arredondo MT, Cabrera F, Sulzenbacher H, Meise U. Randomized clinical trial of telepsychiatry through video conference versus face‐to‐face conventional psychiatric treatment. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2006;12(3):341‐50. - PubMed
Dendale 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dendale P, Keulenaer G, Troisfontaines P, Weytjens C, Mullens W, Elegeert I, et al. Effect of a telemonitoring‐facilitated collaboration between general practitioner and heart failure clinic on mortality and rehospitalization rates in severe heart failure: The TEMA‐HF 1 (telemonitoring in the management of heart failure) study. European Journal of Heart Failure 2012;14(3):330‐40. - PubMed
    1. Willekens K, Dendale P, Keulenaer G, Troisfontaines P, Weytjens C, Mullens W, et al. Effect of a telemonitoring‐facilitated collaboration between general practitioner and heart failure clinic on mortality and rehospitalization rates in severe heart failure. Acta Cardiologica. 2011; Vol. Conference: 30th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Belgian Society of Cardiology Brussels Belgium. Conference Start: 20110210 Conference End: 20110211. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:66.
Ellison 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ellison LM, Pinto PA, Kim F, Ong AM, Patriciu A, Stoianovici D, et al. Telerounding and patient satisfaction after surgery. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 2004;199(4):523‐30. - PubMed
Ellison 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ellison LM, Nguyen M, Fabrizio MD, Soh A, Permpongkosol S, Kavoussi LR. Postoperative robotic telerounding: a multicenter randomized assessment of patient outcomes and satisfaction. Archives of Surgery 2007;142(12):1177‐81. - PubMed
Finkelstein 2006 {published data only}
    1. Finkelstein SM, Speedie SM, Potthoff S. Home telehealth improves clinical outcomes at lower cost for home healthcare. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2006;12(2):128‐36. - PubMed
Giordano 2009 {published data only}
    1. Giordano A, Scalvini S, Zanelli E, Corra U, Longobardi GL, Ricci VA, et al. Multicenter randomised trial on home‐based telemanagement to prevent hospital readmission of patients with chronic heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 2009;131(2):192‐9. - PubMed
Goldberg 2003 {published data only}
    1. Goldberg LR, Piette JD, Walsh MN, Frank TA, Jaski BE, Smith AL, et al. Randomized trial of a daily electronic home monitoring system in patients with advanced heartfailure: The Weight Monitoring in Heart Failure(WHARF) trial. American Heart Journal 2003;146:705‐12. - PubMed
Gray 2000 {published data only}
    1. Gray JE, Safran C, Davis RB, Pompilio‐Weitzner G, Stewart JE, Zaccagnini L, et al. Baby CareLink: using the internet and telemedicine to improve care for high‐risk infants. Pediatrics 2000;106(6):1318‐24. - PubMed
    1. Phillips M. Telemedicine in the neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 1999;25(2):185‐9. - PubMed
Halimi 2008 {published data only}
    1. Halimi F, Clementy J, Attuel P, Dessenne X, Amara W. Optimized post‐operative surveillance of permanent pacemakers by home monitoring: the OEDIPE trial. Europace 2008;10(12):1392‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Harrison 1999 {published data only}
    1. Harrison R, Clayton W, Wallace P. Virtual outreach: a telemedicine pilot study using a cluster‐randomized controlled design. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 1999;5(2):126‐30. - PubMed
Hermens 2007 {published data only}
    1. Hermens H, Huijgen B, Giacomozzi C, Ilsbroukx S, Macellari V, Prats E, et al. Clinical assessment of the HELLODOC tele‐rehabilitation service. Annali dell'Instituto Superiore di Sanita 2007;44(2):154‐63. - PubMed
    1. Huijgen BC, Vollenbroek‐Hutten MM, Zampolini M, Opisso E, Bernabeu M, Nieuwenhoven J, et al. Feasibility of a home‐based telerehabilitation system compared to usual care: arm/hand function in patients with stroke, traumatic brain injury and multiple sclerosis. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2008;14(5):249‐56. - PubMed
Hopp 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hopp F, Woodbridge P, Subramanian U, Copeland L, Smith D, Lowery J. Outcomes associated with a home care telehealth intervention. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2006;12(3):297‐307. - PubMed
Hui 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hui E, Lee PS, Woo J. Management of urinary incontinence in older women using videoconferencing versus conventional management: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2006;12(7):343‐7. - PubMed
Izquierdo 2003 {published data only}
    1. Izquierdo RE, Knudson PE, Meyer S, Kearns J, Ploutz‐Snyder R, Weinstock RS. A comparison of diabetes education administered through telemedicine versus in person. Diabetes Care 2003;26(4):1002‐7. - PubMed
Izquierdo 2009 {published data only}
    1. Izquierdo R, Morin PC, Bratt K, Moreau Z, Meyer S, Ploutz‐Snyder R, et al. School‐centered telemedicine for children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Pediatrics 2009;155:374‐9. - PubMed
Jan 2007 {published data only}
    1. Jan RL, Wang JY, Huang MC, Tseng SM, Su HJ, Liu LF. An internet‐based interactive telemonitoring system for improving childhood asthma outcomes in Taiwan. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2007;13(3):257‐68. - PubMed
Jansa 2006 {published data only}
    1. Jansa M, Vidal M, Viaplana J, Levy I, Conget I, Gomis R, et al. Telecare in a structured therapeutic education programme addressed to patients with type 1 diabetes and poor metabolic control. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2006;74(1):26‐32. - PubMed
Jerant 2001 {published data only}
    1. Jerant AF, Azari R, Nesbitt TS. Reducing the cost of frequent hospital admissions for congestive heart failure A randomized trial of a home telecare intervention. Medical Care 2001;39(11):1234‐45. - PubMed
    1. Jerant AF, Azari R, Martinez C, Nesbitt TS. A randomized trial of telenursing to reduce hospitalization for heart failure: Patient‐centered outcomes and nursing Indicators. Home Health Care Services Quarterly 2003;22(1):1‐20. - PubMed
Kashem 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kashem A, Droogan MT, Santamore WP, Wald JW, Bove AA. Managing heart failure care using an internet‐based telemedicine system. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2008;14(2):121‐6. - PubMed
    1. Kashem A, Droogan MT, Santamore WP, Wald JW, Marble JF, Cross RC, et al. Web‐based Internet telemedicine management of patients with heart failure. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2006;12(4):439‐47. - PubMed
Kearney 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kearney N, McCann L, Norrie J, Taylor L, Gray P, McGee‐Lennon M, et al. Evaluation of a mobile phone‐based, advanced symptom management system (ASyMS©) in the management of chemotherapy‐related toxicity. Supportive Care in Cancer 2009;17:437‐44. - PubMed
    1. McCann. Patients’ perceptions and experiences of using a mobilephone‐based advanced symptom management system (ASyMS©) to monitor and manage chemotherapy related toxicity. European Journal of Cancer Care 2009;18:156–64. - PubMed
Kim 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kim HS. A randomized controlled trial of a nurse short‐message service by cellular phone for people with diabetes. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2007;44(5):687‐92. - PubMed
    1. Kim HS. [Effects of Web‐based diabetic education in obese diabetic patients]. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe (China) 2005;35(5):924‐30. - PubMed
    1. Kim HS, Jeong HS. A nurse short message service by cellular phone in type‐2 diabetic patients for six months. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2007;16(6):1082‐7. - PubMed
King 2009 {published data only}
    1. King VL, Stoller KB, Kidorf M, Kindbom K, Hursh S, Brady T, et al. Assessing the effectiveness of an Internet‐based videoconferencing platform for delivering intensified substance abuse counseling. Journal of Substance Abuse and Treatment 2009;36(3):331‐8. - PubMed
Koehler 2011 {published data only}
    1. Koehler F, Winkler S, Schieber M, Sechtem U, Stangl K, Bohm M, et al. Telemedical Interventional Monitoring in Heart Failure, a randomized, controlled intervention trial investigating the impact of telemedicine on mortality in ambulatory patients with heart failure: study design. European Journal of Heart Failure 2010;12(2):1354‐62. - PubMed
    1. Koehler F, Winkler S, Schieber M, Sechtem U, Stangl K, Bohm M, et al. Telemedicine in heart failure: pre‐specified and exploratory subgroup analyses from the TIM‐HF trial. International Journal of Cardiology 2012;161(3):143‐50. - PubMed
    1. Kohler 2011. Impact of remote telemedical management on mortality and hospitalizations in ambulatory patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2011;123:1873‐80. - PubMed
Koff 2009 {published data only}
    1. Koff PB, Jones RH, Cashman JM, Voelkel NF, Vandivier RW. Proactive integrated care improves quality of life in patients with COPD. European Respiratory Journal 2009;33(5):1031‐8. - PubMed
Kwon 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kwon H‐S, Cho J‐H, Kim HS, Song B‐R, Ko S‐H, Lee J‐M, et al. Establishment of blood glucose monitoring system using the internet. Diabetes Care 2004;27:478–83. - PubMed
Lewis 2010 {published data only}
    1. Lewis KE, Annandale JA, Warm DL, Rees SE, Hurlin C, Blyth H, et al. Does home telemonitoring after pulmonary rehabilitation reduce healthcare use in optimized COPD? A pilot randomized trial. COPD: Journal of Chronic Pulmonary Obstructive Disease 2010;7(1):44‐50. - PubMed
Madigan 2013 {published data only}
    1. Boxer RS, Burant CJ, DiCarlo CM, Struk C, Madigan E, Pina IL. Home telemonitoring improves health status in the post‐hospitalization period for patients with heart failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2010; Vol. Conference: 14th Annual Scientific Meeting Heart Failure Society of America San Diego, CA United States. Conference Start: 20100912 Conference End: 20100915. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:16.
    1. Madigan E, Schmotzer BJ, Struk CJ, DiCarlo CM, Kikano G, Piña IL, et al. Home health care with telemonitoring improves health status for older adults with heart failure. Home Health Care Services Quarterly 2013;32(1):57‐74. - PMC - PubMed
Madsen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Madsen LB, Christiansen T, Kirkegaard P, Pedersen EB. Economic evaluation of home blood pressure telemonitoring: a randomized controlled trial. Blood Pressure 2011;20(2):117‐25. - PubMed
    1. Madsen LB, Kirkegaard P, Pedersen EB. Blood pressure control during telemonitoring of home blood pressure. A randomized controlled trial during 6 months. Blood Pressure 2008;17(2):78‐86. - PubMed
    1. Madsen LB, Kirkegaard P, Pedersen EB. Health‐related quality of life (SF‐36) during telemonitoring of home blood pressure in hypertensive patients: a randomized, controlled study. Blood Pressure 2008;17(4):227‐32. - PubMed
Marrero 1995 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Marrero D, Vandagriff J, Kronz K, Fineberg N, Golden M, Gray D, et al. Using telecommunication technology to manage children with diabetes: the computer‐linked outpatient clinic (CLOC) study. Diabetes Educator 1995;21(4):313‐9. - PubMed
McCarrier 2009 {published data only}
    1. McCarrier KP, Ralston JD, Hirsch B, Lewis G, Martin DP, Zimmerman FJ, et al. Web‐based collaborative care for type 1 diabetes:A pilot randomized trial. Diabetes Tachnology & Therapeutics 2009;11(4):211‐7. - PMC - PubMed
McCrossan 2012 {published data only}
    1. McCrossan BA, Sands AJ, Kileen T, Doherty NN, Casey FN. A fetal telecardiology service: patient preference and socio‐economic factors. Prenatal Diagnosis 2012;32:883‐7. - PubMed
McMahon 2005 {published data only}
    1. McMahon GT, Gomes HE, Hickson Hohne S, Hu TMJ, Levine BA, Conlin PR. Web‐based care management in patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2005;28(7):1624‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Meyer 2008 {published data only}
    1. Meyer BC, Raman R, Ernstrom K, Tafreshi GM, Huisa B, Stemer AB, et al. Assessment of long‐term outcomes for the STRokE DOC telemedicine trial. Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases 2012;21(4):259‐64. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Meyer BC, Raman R, Hemmen T, Obler R, Zivin J A, Rao R, et al. Efficacy of site‐independent telemedicine in the STRokE DOC trial: a randomised, blinded, prospective study. Lancet Neurology 2008;7(9):787‐95. - PMC - PubMed
Mitchell 2008 {published data only}
    1. Crow SJ, Mitchell JE, Crosby RD, Swanson SA, Wonderlich S, Lancanster K. The cost effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for bulimianervosa delivered via telemedicine versus face‐to‐face. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2009;47:451–3. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mitchell JE, Crosby RD, Wonderlich SA, Crow S, Lancaster K, Simonich H, et al. A randomized trial comparing the efficacy of cognitive–behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa delivered via telemedicine versus face‐to‐face. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2008;46:581‐92. - PMC - PubMed
Morland 2010 {published data only}
    1. Morland LA, Greene CJ, Rosen CS, Foy D, Reilly P, Shore J, et al. Telemedicine for anger management therapy in a rural population of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized non‐inferiority trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2010;71(7):855‐63. - PubMed
    1. Morland LA, Pierce K, Wong MY. Telemedicine and coping skills groups for Pacific Island veterans with post‐traumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2004;10(5):286‐9. - PubMed
Mortara 2009 {published data only}
    1. Mortara A, Pinna GD, Johnson P, Dargie H, Rovere MT, Ponikowski, et al. A multi‐country randomised trial of the role of a new telemonitoring system in CHF: the HHHstudy (Home or Hospital in Heart Failure).Rational, study design and protocol.. European Heart Journal Supplements 2004;6(Suppl. F):F99‐F102.
    1. Mortara A, Pinna GD, Johnson P, Maestri R, Capomolla S, Rovere MT, et al. Home telemonitoring in heart failure patients: the HHH study (Home or Hospital in Heart Failure). European Journal of Heart Failure 2009;11(3):312‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Nguyen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Nguyen HQ, Donesky‐Cuenco D, Wolpin S, Reinke LF, Benditt JO, Paul SM, et al. Randomized controlled trial of an internet‐based versus face‐to‐face dyspnea self‐management program for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: pilot study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2008;10(2):e9. - PMC - PubMed
Noel 2004 {published data only}
    1. Noel HC, Vogel DC, Erdos JJ, Cornwall D, Levin F. Home telehealth reduces healthcare costs. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2004;10(2):170‐83. - PubMed
Oakley 2000 {published data only}
    1. Loane MA, Oakley A, Rademaker M, Bradford N, Fleischl P, Kerr P, et al. A cost‐minimization analysis of the societal costs of realtime teledermatology compared with conventional care: results from a randomized controlled trial in New Zealand. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2001;7(4):233‐8. - PubMed
    1. Oakley AMM, Kerr P, Duffill M, Rademaker M, Fleischl P, Bradford N, et al. Patient cost‐benefits of realtime teledermatology ‐ a comparison of data from Northern Ireland and New Zealand. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2000;6:97‐101. - PubMed
Parati 2009 {published data only}
    1. Parati G, Omboni S, Albini F, Piantoni L, Giuliano A, Revera M, et al. Home blood pressure telemonitoring improves hypertension control in general practice. The TeleBPCare study. Journal of Hypertension 2009;27(1):198‐203. - PubMed
Piron 2009 {published data only}
    1. Piron L, Turolla A, Agostini M, Zucconi C, Cortese F, Zampolini M, et al. Exercises for paretic upper limb after stroke: a combined virtual‐reality and telemedicine approach. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2009;41(12):1016‐102. - PubMed
Poon 2005 {published data only}
    1. Poon P, Hui E, Dai D, Kwok T, Woo J. Cognitive intervention for community‐dwelling older persons with memory problems: telemedicine versus face‐to‐face treatment. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2005;20(3):285‐6. - PubMed
Ralston 2009 {published data only}
    1. Ralston JD, Hirsch B, Hoath J, Mullen M, Cheadle A, Goldberg HI. Web‐based collaborative care for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009;32:234‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Rasmussen 2005 {published data only}
    1. Rasmussen LM, Phanareth K, Nolte H, Backer V. Internet‐based monitoring of asthma: a long‐term, randomized clinical study of 300 asthmatic subjects. Journal of Allergy and Clincal Immunology 2005;115(6):1137‐42. - PubMed
Rodriguez‐Idigoras 2009 {published data only}
    1. Rodriguez‐Idigoras MI, Sepulveda‐Munoz J, Sanchez‐Garrido‐Escudero R, Martinez‐Gonzalez JL, Escolar‐Castello JL, Paniagua‐Gomez IM, et al. Telemedicine influence on the follow‐up of type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Technology and Therapy 2009;11(7):431‐7. - PubMed
Rogers 2001 {published data only}
    1. Rogers MAM, Small D, Buchan DA, Butch CA, Stewart CM, Krenzer BE, et al. Home monitoring service improves mean arterial pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Annals of Internal Medicine 2001;134(11):1024‐32. - PubMed
Ruskin 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ruskin PE, Silver‐Aylaian M, Kling MA, Reed SA, Bradham DD, Hebel JR, et al. Treatment outcomes in depression: comparison of remote treatment through telepsychiatry to in‐person treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry 2004;161(8):1471‐6. - PubMed
Scherr 2009 {published data only}
    1. Scherr D, Kastner P, Kollmann A, Hallas A, Auer J, Krappinger H, et al. Effect of home‐based telemonitoring using mobile phone technology on the outcome of heart failure patients after an episode of acute decompensation: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2009;11(3):e34. - PMC - PubMed
Schwarz 2008 {published data only}
    1. Schwarz KA, Mion LC, Hudock D, Litman G. Telemonitoring of heart failure patients and their caregivers: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Progress in Cardiovscular Nursing 2008;23(1):18‐26. - PubMed
Seto 2012 {published data only}
    1. Seto E, Leonard KJ, Cafazzo JA, Barnsley J, Masino C, Ross HJ. Developing healthcare rule‐based expert systems: case study of a heart failure telemonitoring system. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2012;81(8):556‐65. - PubMed
    1. Seto E, Leonard KJ, Cafazzo JA, Barnsley J, Masino C, Ross HJ. Mobile phone‐based telemonitoring for heart failure management: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012;14(1):e31, 2012. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Seto E, Leonard KJ, Cafazzo JA, Barnsley J, Masino C, Ross HJ. Perceptions and experiences of heart failure patients and clinicians on the use of mobile phone‐based telemonitoring. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012;14(1):e25, 2012. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Seto E, Leonard KJ, Cafazzo JA, Masino C, Barnsley J, Ross HJ. Mobile phone‐based remote patient monitoring improves heart failure management and outcomes: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011; Vol. Conference: 60th Annual Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology and i2 Summit: Innovation in Intervention, ACC.11 New Orleans, LA United States. Conference Start: 20110402 Conference End: 20110405. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:57.
Shea 2006 {published data only}
    1. Demiris G, Speedie S, Finkelstein S, Harris I. Communication patterns and technical quality of virtual visits in home care. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2003;9(4):210‐5. - PubMed
    1. Izquierdo R, Lagua CT, Meyer S, Ploutz‐Snyder RJ, Palmas W, Eimicke JP, et al. Telemedicine intervention effects on waist circumference and body mass index in the IDEATel project. Diabetes Technology and Therapy 2010;12(3):213‐20. - PubMed
    1. Moreno L, Dale SB, Chen AY, Magee CA. Costs to Medicare of the Informatics for Diabetes Education and Telemedicine (IDEATel) home telemedicine demonstration: findings from an independent evaluation. Diabetes Care 2009;32(7):1202‐4. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Palmas W, Shea S, Starren J, Teresi JA, Ganz ML, Burton TM, et al. Medicare payments, healthcare service use, and telemedicine implementation costs in a randomized trial comparing telemedicine case management with usual care in medically underserved participants with diabetes mellitus (IDEATel). Journal of American Medical Informatics Association 2010;17(2):196‐202. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Shea S, Consortium IDEATel. The Informatics for Diabetes and Education Telemedicine (IDEATel) project. Transaction of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 2007;118:289‐304. - PMC - PubMed
Soran 2008 {published data only}
    1. Soran OZ, Pina IL, Lamas GA, Kelsey SF, Selzer F, Pilotte J, et al. A randomized clinical trial of the clinical effects of enhanced heart failure monitoring using a computer‐based telephonic monitoring system in older minorities and women. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2008;14(9):711‐7. - PubMed
Spaeder 2006 {published data only}
    1. Spaeder J, Najjar SS, Gerstenblith G, Hefter G, Kern L, Palmer JG, et al. Rapid titration of carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure: a randomized trial of automated telemedicine versus frequent outpatient clinic visits. American Heart Journal 2006;151(4):844‐10. - PubMed
Stone 2010 {published data only}
    1. Stone RA, Rao RH, Sevick MA, Cheng C, Hough LJ, Macpherson DS, et al. Active care management supported by home telemonitoring in veterans with type 2 diabetes: the DiaTel randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2010;33(3):478‐84. - PMC - PubMed
Taylor 2006 {published data only}
    1. Taylor Y, Eliasson A, Andrada T, Kristo D, Howard R. The role of telemedicine in CPAP compliance for patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleeep & Breathing 2006;10(3):132‐8. - PubMed
Thompson 2009 {published data only}
    1. Leimig R, Gower G, Thompson DA, Winsett RP. Infection, rejection and hospitalizations in transplant recipients using telehealth. Progress in Transplantation 2008;18(2):97‐102. - PubMed
    1. Thompson DA, Leimig R, Gower G, Winsett RP. Assessment of depressive symptoms during post‐transplant follow‐up care performed via telehealth. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2009;15(7):700‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Van der Meer 2010 {published data only}
    1. Meer V, Stel HF, Bakker MJ, Roldaan AC, Assendelft WJJ, Sterk PJ, et al. Weekly self‐monitoring and treatment adjustment benefit patients with partly controlled and uncontrolled asthma: an analysis of the SMASHING study. Respiratory Research 2010;11(74):1‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Wakefield 2008 {published data only}
    1. Wakefield BJ, Holman JE, Ray A, Scherubel M, Burns TL, Kienzle MG, et al. Outcomes of a home telehealth intervention for patients with heart failure. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2009;15(1):46‐50. - PubMed
    1. Wakefield BJ, Ward MM, Holman Je, Ray A, Scherubel M, Burns TL, et al. Evaluation of home telehealth following hospitalization for heart failure: a randomized trial. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2008;14(8):753‐61. - PubMed
Waldmann 2008 {published data only}
    1. Katalinic A, Waldmann A, Schwaab B, Richardt G, Sheikhzadeh A, Raspe H. The TeleGuard trial of additional telemedicine care in CAD patients. 1 Utilization of the system. Journal of Telemedicin and Telecare 2008;14(1):17‐21. - PubMed
    1. Waldmann A, Katalinic A, Schwaab B, Richardt G, Sheikhzadeh A, Raspe H. The TeleGuard trial of additional telemedicine care in CAD patients.2. Morbidity and mortality after 12 months. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2008;14(1):22‐6. - PubMed
Wallace 2002 {published data only}
    1. Harrison R, Macfarlane A, Murray E, Wallace P. Patients' perceptions of joint teleconsultations: a qualitative evaluation. Health Expectations 2006;9(1):81‐90. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Jacklin PB, Roberts JA, Wallace P, Haines A, Harrison R, Barber JA, et al. Virtual outreach: economic evaluation of joint teleconsultations for patients referred by their general practitioner for a specialist opinion. BMJ 2003;327(7406):84. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wallace P, Barber J, Clayton W, Currell R, Fleming K, Garner P, et al. Virtual outreach: a randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of joint teleconferenced medical consultations. Health Technology Assessment 2004;8(50):1‐106, iii‐iv. - PubMed
    1. Wallace P, Haines A, Harrison R, Barber J A, Thompson S, Roberts J, et al. Design and performance of a multi‐centre randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of joint tele‐consultations. BMC Family Practice 2002; Vol. 3, issue 1:1‐8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wallace P, Haines A, Harrison R, Barber J, Thompson S, Jacklin P, et al for the Virtual Outreach Project Group*. Joint teleconsultations (virtual outreach) versus standard outpatient appointments for patients referred by their general practitioner for a specialist opinion: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:1961‐8. - PubMed
Weintraub 2010 {published data only}
    1. Weintraub A, Gregory D, Patel AR, Levine D, Venesy D, Perry K, et al. A multicenter randomized controlled evaluation of automated home monitoring and telephonic disease managementin patients recently hospitalized for congestive heart failure:The SPAN‐CHF II trial. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2010;16(4):285‐92. - PubMed
Whitlock 2000 {published data only}
    1. Whitlock WL, Brown A, Moore K, Pavliscsak H, Dingbaum A, Lacefield D, et al. Telemedicine improved diabetic management. Military Medicine 2000;165(8):579‐84. - PubMed
Willems 2008 {published data only}
    1. Willems DC, Joore MA, Hendriks JJ, Wouters EF, Severens JL. Cost‐effectiveness of a nurse‐led telemonitoring intervention based on peak expiratory flow measurements in asthmatics: results of a randomised controlled trial. Cost Effective Resource Allocation 2007;27(5):10. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Willems DC, Joore MA, Hendriks JJ, Duurling RA, Wouters EF, Severens JL. Process evaluation of a nurse‐led telemonitoring programme for patients with asthma. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2007;13(6):310‐7. - PubMed
    1. Willems DCM, Joore MA, Hendriks JJE, Nieman FHM, Severens JL, Vouters EFM. The effectiveness of nurse‐led telemonitoring of asthma:results of a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Evaluation of Clinical Practice 2008;14(310‐317):600‐9. - PubMed
Wojcicki 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ladyzynski P, Wojcicki J M. Home telecare during intensive insulin treatment‐‐metabolic control does not improve as much as expected. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2007;13(1):44‐7. - PubMed
    1. Wojcicki JM, Ladyzynski P, Krzymien J, Jozwicka E, Blachowicz J, Janczewska E, et al. What we can really expect from telemedicine in intensive diabetes treatment: results from a 3‐year study on type I pregnant diabetic women. Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics 2001;3(4):581‐9. - PubMed
Wong 2006 {published data only}
    1. Wong HT, Poon WS, Jacobs P, Goh KY, Leung CH, Lau FL, et al. The comparative impact of video consultation on emergency neurosurgical referrals. Neurosurgery 2006;59(3):607‐13. - PubMed
Woodend 2008 {published data only}
    1. Woodend AK, Sherrard H, Fraser M, Stuewe L, Cheung T, Struthers C. Telehome monitoring in patients with cardiac disease who are at high risk of readmission. Heart & Lung 2008;37(1):36‐45. - PubMed
Wootton 2000 {published data only}
    1. Loane MA, Bloomer SE, Corbett R, Eedy DJ, Evans C, Hicks N, et al. A randomized controlled trial assessing the health economics of realtime teledermatology compared with conventional care: an urban versus rural perspective. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2001;7(2):108‐18. - PubMed
    1. Loane MA, Bloomer SE, Corbett R, Eedy DJ, Gore HE, Hicks N, et al. Patient cost‐benefit analysis of teledermatology measured in a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 1999;5(Suppl.1):S1‐3.. - PubMed
    1. Loane MA, Bloomer SE, Corbett R, Eedy DJ, Hicks N, Lotery HE. A randomised controlled trial to assess the clinical effectiveness of both realtime and store‐and‐forward teledermatology compared with traditional care. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2000;6(Suppl 1):S1:1‐S1:3. - PubMed
    1. Loane MA, Oakley A, Rademaker M, Bradford N, Fleischl P, Kerr P, et al. A cost‐minimization analysis of the societal costs of realtime teledermatology compared with conventional care: results from a randomized controlled trial in New Zealand. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2001;7(4):233‐8. - PubMed
    1. Wootton R, Bloomer SE, Corbett R, Eedy DJ, Hicks N, Lotery HE, et al. Multicentre randomised control trial comparing real timeteledermatology with conventional outpatientdermatological care: societal cost­benefit analysis. BMJ 2000;320:1252‐6. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Agha 2009 {published data only}
    1. Agha Z, Schapira RM, Laud PW, McNutt G, Roter DL. Patient satisfaction with physician‐patient communication during telemedicine. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2009;11(3):e36. - PMC - PubMed
Ahmed 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ahmed SN, Mann C, Sinclair DB, Quigley D, Iskew B, Ohinmaa A. Cost analysis and patient satisfaction with telemedicine in epilepsy care. Epilepsia 2006;47(Suppl 4):201‐2.
    1. Ahmed SN, Mann C, Sinclair DB, Heino A, Iskiw B, Quigley D, et al. Feasibility of epilepsy follow‐up care through telemedicine: a pilot study on the patient's perspective. Epilepsia 2008;49(4):573‐85. - PubMed
Andersson 2005 {published data only}
    1. Andersson G, Bergström J, Holländare F, Carlbring P, Kaldo V, Ekselius L. Internet‐based self‐help for depression: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2005;187:456‐61. - PubMed
    1. Bergstrom J, Hollandare F, Carlbring R, Kaldo‐Sandstrom V, Ekselius L, Andersson G. Treatment of depression via the internet: A randomised trial. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2003;9:85. [DOI: 10.1258/135763303322596381] - DOI
Andrade 2011 {published data only}
    1. Andrade MV, Maia AC, Cardoso CS, Alkmim MB, Ribeiro A LP. Cost‐benefit of the telecardiology service in the state of Minas Gerais: Minas Telecardio Project. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia 2011;97(4):307‐16. - PubMed
Angermann 2012 {published data only}
    1. Angermann CE, Stork S, Gelbrich G, Faller H, Jahns R, Frantz S, et al. Mode of action and effects of standardized collaborative disease management on mortality and morbidity in patients with systolic heart failure: the Interdisciplinary Network for Heart Failure (INH) study. Circulation: Heart Failure 2012;5(1):25‐35. - PubMed
    1. Kreissl S, Stoerk S, Gelbrich G, Hanke M, Faller H, Ertl G, et al. Patients with chronic systolic heart failure require individualised care also for non‐cardiac problems. European Heart Journal. 2012; Vol. Conference: ESC Congress 2012 Munchen Germany. Conference Start: 20120825 Conference End: 20120829. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:33‐161.
Appel 2011 {published data only}
    1. Appel LJ, Clark JM, Yeh HC, Wang NY, Coughlin JW, Daumit G, et al. Comparative effectiveness of weight‐loss interventions in clinical practice. New England Journal of Medicine 2011;365(21):1959‐68. - PMC - PubMed
Arthur 2002 {published data only}
    1. Arthur HM, Smith KM, Kodis J, McKelvie R. A controlled trial of hospital versus home‐based exercise in cardiac patients. Medecine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2002;34(10):1544‐50. - PubMed
Artinian 2001 {published data only}
    1. Artinian NT, Washington OGM, Templin TN. Effects on home telemonitoring and community‐based monitroing on blood pressure control in urban African‐Americans: A pilot study. Heart&Lung 2001;30(3):191‐9. - PubMed
Artinian 2003 {published data only}
    1. Artinian NT, Harden JK, Kronenberg MW, Vander Wal JS, Daher D, Stephens Q, et al. Pilot study of a Web‐based compliance monitoring device for patients with congestive heart failure. Heart & Lung 2003;32:226‐33. - PubMed
Baker 2011 {published data only}
    1. Baker LC, Johnson SJ, Macaulay D, Birnbaum H. Integrated telehealth and care management program for Medicare beneficiaries with chronic disease linked to savings. Health Affairs 2011;30(9):1689‐97. - PubMed
Balk 2008 {published data only}
    1. Balk AH, Davidse W, Dommelen P, Klaassen E, Caliskan K, Burgh P, et al. Tele‐guidance of chronic heart failure patients enhances knowledge about the disease. A multi‐centre, randomised controlled study. European Journal of Heart Failure 2008;10(11):1136‐42. - PubMed
Barnason 2009 {published data only}
    1. Barnason S, Zimmerman L, Nieveen J, Hertzog M. Impact of a telehealth intervention to augment home health care on functional and recovery outcomes of elderly patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Heart & Lung 2006;35(4):225‐33. - PubMed
    1. Barnason S, Zimmerman L, Nieveen J, Schmaderer M, Carranza B, Reilly S. Impact of a home communication intervention for coronary artery bypass graft patients with ischemic heart failure on self‐efficacy, coronary disease risk factor modification, and functioning. Heart & Lung 2003;32(3):147‐58. - PubMed
    1. Barnason S, Zimmerman L, Nieveen J, Schulz P, Miller C, Hertzog M, et al. Influence of a symptom management telehealth intervention on older adults' early recovery outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery. Heart & Lung 2009;38(5):364‐76. - PMC - PubMed
Battaglia 2008 {published data only}
    1. Battaglia E, Iuliano A, Amaducci S. Home telemonitoring program of patients affected by COPD and chronic respiratory failure [Abstract]. American Thoracic Society International Conference. Toronto, 2008.
Benger 2004 {published data only}
    1. Benger JR, Noble SM, Coast J, Kendall JM. The safety and effectiveness of minor injuries telemedicine. Emergency Medicine Journal 2004;21(4):438‐45. - PMC - PubMed
Benhamou 2007 {published data only}
    1. Benhamou PY, Melki V, Boizel R, Perreal F, Quesada JL, Bessieres‐Lacombe S, et al. One‐year efficacy and safety of Web‐based follow‐up using cellular phone in type 1 diabetic patients under insulin pump therapy: the PumpNet study. Diabetes Metabolism 2007;33(3):220‐6. - PubMed
Bergenstal 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bergenstal RM, Anderson RL, Bina DM, Johnson ML, Davidson JL, Solarz‐Johnson B, et al. Impact of modem‐transferred blood glucose data on clinician work efficiency and patient glycemic control. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2005;7(2):241‐7. - PubMed
Bergquist 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bergquist T, Gehl C, Mandrekar J, Lepore S, Hanna S, Osten A, et al. The effect of internet‐based cognitive rehabilitation in persons with memory impairments after severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 2009;23(10):790‐9. - PubMed
Bergrath 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bergrath S, Reich A, Rossaint R, Rortgen D, Gerber J, Fischermann H, et al. Feasibility of prehospital teleconsultation in acute stroke ‐ a pilot study in clinical routine. PLoS One 2012;7(5):2012. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bergrath S, Rossaint R, Lenssen N, Fitzner C, Skorning M. Prehospital digital photography and automated image transmission in an emergency medical service ‐ an ancillary retrospective analysis of a prospective controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation & Emergency Medicine 2013;21(3):1‐10. - PMC - PubMed
Bischof 2010 {published data only}
    1. Bischof G, Grothues JM, Reinhardt S, Meyer C, John U, Rumpf HJ. Stepped‐care intervention for alcohol problems: a cost‐effective approach for brief interventions in primary care?. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2010;34:29A.
Bishop 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bishop JE, O'Reilly RL, Maddox K, Hotchinson LJ. Client satisfaction in a feasibility study comparing face‐to‐face interviews with telepsychiatry. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2002;8(4):217‐21. - PubMed
Boman 2012 {published data only}
    1. Boman K, Davidson T, Gustavsson M, Olofsson M, Renstrom GB, Johansson L. Telemedicine improves the monitoring process in anticoagulant treatment. Journal of Telemedicine & Telecare 2012;18(6):312‐6. - PubMed
Bosworth 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bosworth HB, Olsen MK, Dudley T, Orr M, Goldstein MK, Datta SK, et al. Patient education and provider decision support to control blood pressure in primary care: a cluster randomized trial. American Heart Journal. 2009;157(3):450‐6. - PubMed
    1. Bosworth HB, Olsen MK, Grubber JM, Neary AM, Orr MM, Powers BJ, et al. Two Self‐management Interventions to Improve Hypertension Control: A Randomized Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2009;151(10):687‐95. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bosworth HB, Olsen MK, McCant F, Harrelson M, Gentry P, Rose C, et al. Hypertension Intervention Nurse Telemedicine Study (HINTS): testing a multifactorial tailored behavioral/educational and a medication management intervention for blood pressure control. American Heart Journal 2007;153(6):918‐24. - PubMed
    1. Reed SD, Li Y, Oddone EZ, Neary AM, Orr MM, Grubber JM, et al. Economic evaluation of home blood pressure monitoring with or without telephonic behavioral self‐management in patients with hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 2010;23(2):142‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Bowles 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bowles KH, Holland DE Horowitz DA. A comparison of in‐person home care, home care with telephone contact and home care with telemonitoring for disease management. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2009;15(7):344‐50. - PMC - PubMed
Boyd 2003 {published data only}
    1. Boyd RL, Murdison KA, Baffa JM, Brumund M, Sheth AP, Karp WB, et al. A low‐cost web‐based tool for pediatric echocardiographic consultation. Clinical Pediatrics (Philadelphia) 2003;42(2):185‐6. - PubMed
Brennan 1999 {published data only}
    1. Brennan JA, Kealy JA, Gerardi L, Shih R, Allegra J, Sannipoli L, et al. A randomized controlled trial of telemedicine in an emergency department. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 1998;4(Suppl. 1):18‐20. - PubMed
    1. Brennan JA, Kealy JA, Gerardi LH, Shih R, Allegra J, Sannipoli L, et al. Telemedicine in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 1999;5(1):18‐22. - PubMed
Burbank 2012 {published data only}
    1. Burbank A, Rettiganti M, Brown RH, Jones S, Perry TT. Asthma education via telemedicine: Effects on asthma knowledge and self‐efficacy [Abstract]. Journal of Investigative Medicine 2012;60:401.
Burke 2011 {published data only}
    1. Burke LE, Conroy MB, Sereika SM, Elci OU, Styn MA, Acharya SD, et al. The effect of electronic self‐monitoring on weight loss and dietary intake: a randomized behavioral weight loss trial. Obesity 2011;19(2):338‐44. - PMC - PubMed
Bynum 2001 {published data only}
    1. Bynum A, Hopkins D, Thomas A, Copeland N, Irwin C. The effect of telepharmacy counseling on metered‐dose inhaler technique among adolescents with asthma in rural Arkansas. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2001;7(3):207‐17. - PubMed
Cadario 2007 {published data only}
    1. Cadario F, Binotti M, Brustia M, Mercandino F, Moreno G, Esposito S, et al. Telecare for teenagers with type 1 diabetes: a trial. Minerva Pediatrica 2007;59(4):299‐305. - PubMed
Cargill 2003 {published data only}
    1. Cargill A, Watson AR. Telecare support for patients undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis. Peritoneal Dialysis International 2003;23(1):91‐4. - PubMed
Cartwright 1992 {published data only}
    1. Cartwright W, Dalton K, Swindells H, Rushant S, Mooney P. Objective measurement of anxiety in hypertensive pregnant women managed in hospital and in the community. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1992;99:182‐5. - PubMed
Casas 2006 {published data only}
    1. Casas A, Troosters T, Garcia‐Aymerich J, Roca J, Herna´ndez C, Alonso A, et al. Integrated care prevents hospitalisations forexacerbations in COPD patients. European Respiratory Journal 2006;28:123‐30. - PubMed
Chambers 2010 {published data only}
    1. Chambers S, Clutton S, Ferguson M, Milner S, Hanley B, Dunn J. Translating peer support into a research setting: working with different priorities. Psycho‐Oncology 2010;19:S60.
Chambers 2013 {published data only}
    1. Chambers S K, Ferguson M, Gardiner R A, Aitken J, Occhipinti S. Intervening to improve psychological outcomes for men with prostate cancer. Psycho‐Oncology 2013;22(5):1025‐34. - PubMed
    1. Chambers S K, Schover L, Halford K, Ferguson M, Gardiner R, Occhipinti S, et al. ProsCan for Couples: a feasibility study for evaluating peer support within a controlled research design. Psycho‐Oncology 2013;22(2):475‐9. - PubMed
    1. Chambers S, Schover L, Halford K, Nielsen L, Gordon L, Gardiner RA, et al. A randomised trial of couples‐focussed peer support for men with localised prostate cancer. Asia‐Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology 2012; Vol. Conference: COSA 39th Annual Scientific Meeting and IPOS 14th World Congress of Psycho‐Oncology Brisbane, QLD Australia. Conference Start: 20121111 Conference End: 20121115. Conference Publication::8‐168.
Chambers 2013a {published data only}
    1. Chambers SK, Smith DP, Berry M, Lepore SJ, Foley E, Clutton S, et al. A randomised controlled trial of a mindfulness intervention for men with advanced prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2013;13(89):1‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Cho 2011 {published data only}
    1. Cho JH, Choi YH, Kim HS, Lee JH, Yoon KH. Effectiveness and safety of a glucose data‐filtering system with automatic response software to reduce the physician workload in managing type 2 diabetes. Journal of Telemedicine & Telecare 2011;17(5):257‐62. - PubMed
Cho 2011a {published data only}
    1. Cho J H, Kwon H S, Kim H S, Oh J A, Yoon K H. Effects on diabetes management of a health‐care provider mediated, remote coaching system via a PDA‐type glucometer and the Internet. Journal of Telemedicine & Telecare 2011;17(7):365‐70. - PubMed
Chua 2001 {published data only}
    1. Chua R, Craig J, Wootton R, Patterson V. Randomised controlled trial of telemedicine for new neurological outpatient referrals. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2002;71:63‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Ciemins 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ciemins E, Coon P, Peck R, Holloway B, Min SJ. Using telehealth to provide diabetes care to patients in rural Montana: findings from the promoting realistic individual self‐management program. Telemedicine Journal & e‐Health 2011;17(8):596‐602. - PMC - PubMed
Coccolini 1995 {published data only}
    1. Coccolini S, Berti G, Bosi S, Pretolani M, Tumiotto G. Prehospital thrombolysis in rural emergency room and subsequent transport to a coronary care unit: Ravenna myocardial infarction (RaMI) trial. International Journal of Cardiology 1995;49(Suppl.):S47‐S58. - PubMed
Colwell 2011 {published data only}
    1. Colwell B, Mathers N, Bradley A, Ng CJ. Does a PDA improve knowledge about treatment choices for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus when making decisions about starting insulin? Quantitative analysis from the PANDAs study. Diabetologia. 2011; Vol. Conference: 47th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, EASD 2011 Lisbon Portugal. Conference Start: 20110912 Conference End: 20110916. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:54.
Constantinescu 2011 {published data only}
    1. Constantinescu G, Theodoros D, Russell T, Ward E, Wilson S, Wootton R. Treating disordered speech and voice in Parkinson's disease online: a randomized controlled non‐inferiority trial. International Journal of Language Communication Disorders 2011;46(1):1‐16. - PubMed
Cordova 2007 {published data only}
    1. Cordova FC, Kerper MM, Grabianowski C, McClelland R, Gaughan J, Lando S. Use of a telemedicine based treatment program prevents acute COPD exacerbations (AECOPD) ‐ the Pennsylvania study of chronic obstructive pulmonary exacerbations (PA‐SCOPE) [Abstract]. American Thoracic Society International Conference. San Francisco, California, USA, May 2007:Poster.
Cummings 2011 {published data only}
    1. Cummings E, Hauser J, Cameron‐Tucker H, Fitzpatrick P, Jessup M, Walters EH, et al. Enhancing self‐efficacy for self‐management in people with cystic fibrosis. Studies in Health Technology & Informatics 2011;169:33‐7. - PubMed
Dansky 2001 {published data only}
    1. Dansky KH, Palmer L, Shea D, Bowles KH. Cost analysis of telehomecare. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2001;7(3):225‐32. - PubMed
Dark 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dark C, Matthews K. A randomized trial of 'Hospital At Home' [Comment]. Health Affairs 2012;31(9):2152. - PubMed
Datta 2010 {published data only}
    1. Datta SK, Oddone EZ, Olsen MK, Orr M, McCant F, Gentry P, et al. Economic analysis of a tailored behavioral intervention to improve blood pressure control for primary care patients. American Heart Journal 2010;160(2):257‐63. - PubMed
Demaerschalk 2010 {published data only}
    1. Demaerschalk BM, Bobrow BJ, Raman R, Ernstrom K, Hoxworth JM, Patel AC, et al. CT interpretation in a telestroke network: agreement among a spoke radiologist, hub vascular neurologist, and hub neuroradiologist. Stroke (00392499) 2012;43(11):3095‐7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Demaerschalk BM, Bobrow BJ, Raman R, Kiernan TE, Aguilar MI, Ingall TJ, et al. Stroke team remote evaluation using a digital observation camera in Arizona: the initial mayo clinic experience trial. Stroke 2010;41(6):1251‐8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Demaerschalk BM, Raman R, Ernstrom K, Meyer BC. Efficacy of telemedicine for stroke: pooled analysis of the Stroke Team Remote Evaluation Using a Digital Observation Camera (STRokE DOC) and STRokE DOC Arizona telestroke trials. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2012;18(3):230‐7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Demaerschalk BM, Vargas JE, Channer DD, Noble BN, Kiernan TE, Gleason EA, et al. Smartphone teleradiology application is successfully incorporated into a telestroke network environment. Stroke (00392499) 2012;43(11):3098‐101. - PubMed
Depp 2010 {published data only}
    1. Depp CA, Mausbach B, Granholm E, Cardenas V, Ben‐Zeev D, Patterson TL, et al. Mobile interventions for severe mental illness: design and preliminary data from three approaches. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease 2010;198(10):715‐21. - PMC - PubMed
de Toledo 2006 {published data only}
    1. Toledo P, Jiménez S, Pozo F, Roca J, Alonso A, Hernandez A. Telemedicine experience for chronic care in COPD. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine 2006; Vol. 10, issue 3:567‐73. - PubMed
Dinesen 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dinesen B, Haesum LK, Soerensen N, Nielsen C, Grann O, Hejlesen O, et al. Using preventive home monitoring to reduce hospital admission rates and reduce costs: a case study of telehealth among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2012;18(4):221‐5. - PubMed
    1. Dinesen B, Haesum LKE, Soerensen N, Nielsen C, Grann O, Hejlesen O, et al. Using preventive home monitoring to reduce hospital admission rates and reduce costs: a case study of telehealth among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2012;18:221‐5. - PubMed
    1. Haesum L K, Soerensen N, Dinesen B, Nielsen C, Grann O, Hejlesen O, et al. Cost‐utility analysis of a telerehabilitation program: a case study of COPD patients. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2012;18(9):688‐92. - PubMed
Dlugonski 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dlugonski D, Motl RW, Mohr DC, Sandroff BM. Internet‐delivered behavioral intervention to increase physical activity in persons with multiple sclerosis: sustainability and secondary outcomes. Psychology Health & Medicine 2012;17(6):636‐51. - PubMed
Domingo 2012 {published data only}
    1. Domingo M, Lupon J, Gonzalez B, Crespo E, Lopez R, Ramos A, et al. Evaluation of a telemedicine system for heart failure patients: feasibility, acceptance rate, satisfaction and changes in patient behavior: results from the CARME (CAtalan Remote Management Evaluation) study. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2012;11(4):410‐8. - PubMed
Dorsey 2013 {published data only}
    1. Dorsey ER, Deuel LM, Voss TS, Finnigan K, George BP, Eason S, et al. Increasing access to specialty care: a pilot, randomized controlled trial of telemedicine for Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 2010;25(11):1652‐9. - PubMed
    1. Dorsey ER, Venkataraman V, Grana MJ, Bull MT, George BP, Boyd CM, et al. Randomized controlled clinical trial of "virtual house calls" for Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurology 2013;70(5):565‐70. - PMC - PubMed
Duncan 2012 {published data only}
    1. Duncan MJ, Vandelanotte C, Rosenkranz RR, Caperchione CM, Ding H, Ellison M, et al. Effectiveness of a website and mobile phone based physical activity and nutrition intervention for middle‐aged males: trial protocol and baseline findings of the ManUp Study. BMC Public Health 2012;12(656):1‐14. - PMC - PubMed
Earle 2010 {published data only}
    1. Earle KA, Istepanian RSH, Zitouni K, Sungoor A, Tang B. Mobile telemonitoring for achieving tighter targets of blood pressure control in patients with complicated diabetes: a pilot study. Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics 2010;12(7):575‐9. - PubMed
Egner 2003 {published data only}
    1. Egner A, Phillips VL, Vora R, Wiggers E. Depression, fatigue, and health‐related quality of life among people with advanced multiple sclerosis: results from an exploratory telerehabilitation study. Neurorehabilitation 2003;18(2):125‐33. - PubMed
    1. Phillips VL, Vesmarovich S, Hauber R, Wiggers E, Egner A. Telehealth: reaching out to newly injured spinal cord patients. Public Health Reports 2001;116(Suppl 1):94‐102. - PMC - PubMed
Eisdorfer 2003 {published data only}
    1. Eisdorfer C, Czaja S, Loewenstein D, Rubert M, Argüelles S, Mitrani V, Szapocznik J. The effect of a family therapy and technology‐based intervention on caregiver depression. Gerontologist 2003;43(4):521‐31. - PMC - PubMed
Elliott 2008 {published data only}
    1. Elliott TR, Brossart D, Berry JW, Fine PR. Problem‐solving training via videoconferencing for family caregivers of persons with spinal cord injuries: a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2008;46(11):1220‐9. - PubMed
Eng 2013 {published data only}
    1. Eng JA, Richman JS, Houston TK, Ritchie CS. Health literacy did not influence effectiveness of computer telephony‐based post‐discharge support. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2013; Vol. Conference: 2013 Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Geriatrics Society Grapevine, TX United States. Conference Start: 20130503 Conference End: 20130505. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:61‐S102.
Ercan‐Fang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ercan‐Fang N, Gujral K, Firestone SK, Hagel E, Taylor B, Ishani A. Comparison of tele‐health with usual case management in patients with diabetes. Diabetes. 2012; Vol. Conference: 72nd Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association Philadelphia, PA United States. Conference Start: 20120608 Conference End: 20120612. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:61.
Escourrou 2012 {published data only}
    1. Escourrou P, Durand‐Zaleski I, Charrier N, Agostini H, Alfandary D, Orvoen‐Frija E, et al. Respiradom: A telemedicine system for the follow‐up of patients with Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Journal of Sleep Research. 2012; Vol. Conference: 21st Congress of the European Sleep Research Society Paris France. Conference Start: 20120904 Conference End: 20120908. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:21.
Eysenbach 2011 {published data only}
    1. Eysenbach G, Group Consort‐Ehealth. CONSORT‐EHEALTH: improving and standardizing evaluation reports of Web‐based and mobile health interventions. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2011;13(4):e126, 2011. - PMC - PubMed
Fairbrother 2012 {published data only}
    1. Fairbrother P, Pinnock H, Hanley J, McCloughan L, Sheikh A, Pagliari C, et al. Continuity, but at what cost? The impact of telemonitoring COPD on continuities of care: A qualitative study. Primary Care Respiratory Journal 2012;21(3):322‐8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fairbrother P, Pinnock H, Hanley J, McCloughan L, Todd A, McKinstry B. Perspectives of patients and healthcare professionals on the impact of telemedicine on hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease : a nested qualitative study. 6th IPCRG World Conference,. Edinburgh, April 25‐28, 2012.
Farmer 2005 {published data only}
    1. Farmer AJ, Gibson OJ, Dudley C, Bryden K, Hayton PM, Tarassenko L, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of real‐time telemedicine support on glycemic control in young adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28(11):2697‐702. - PubMed
Farrer 2011 {published data only}
    1. Farrer L, Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Mackinnon A. Internet‐based CBT for depression with and without telephone tracking in a national helpline: randomised controlled trial. PLoS One [Electronic Resource] 2011;6(11):e28099, 2011. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Farrer L, Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Mackinnon A. Web‐based cognitive behavior therapy for depression with and without telephone tracking in a national helpline: secondary outcomes from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012;14(3):e68, 2012. - PMC - PubMed
Fincher 2009 {published data only}
    1. Fincher L, Ward C, Dawkins V, Magee V, Willson P. Using telehealth to educate Parkinson's disease patients about complicated medication regimens. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 2009;35(2):16‐24. - PubMed
Finkel 2007 {published data only}
    1. Finkel S, Czaja SJ, Schulz R, Martinovich Z, Harris C, Pezzuto D. E‐care: a telecommunications technology intervention for family caregivers of dementia patients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2007;15(5):443‐8. - PubMed
Finkelstein 2004 {published data only}
    1. Finkelstein SM, Speedie SM, Demiris G, Veen M, Lundgren JM, Potthoff S. Telehomecare: quality, perception, satisfaction. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2004;10(2):122‐8. - PubMed
Finlayson 2011 {published data only}
    1. Finlayson M, Preissner K, Cho C, Plow M. Randomized trial of a teleconference‐delivered fatigue management program for people with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis 2011;17(9):1130‐40. - PubMed
Fortney 2007 {published data only}
    1. Fortney JC, Pyne JM, Edlund MJ, Williams DK, Robinson DE, Mittal D, et al. A randomized trial of telemedicine‐based collaborative care for depression. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2007;22(8):1086‐93. - PMC - PubMed
Frangou 2005 {published data only}
    1. Frangou S, Sachpazidis I, Stassinakis A, Sakas G. Telemonitoring of medication adherence in patients with schizophrenia. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2005;11(6):675‐83. - PubMed
Franzini 2011 {published data only}
    1. Franzini L, Sail KR, Thomas EJ, Wueste L. Costs and cost‐effectiveness of a telemedicine intensive care unit program in 6 intensive care units in a large health care system. Journal of Critical Care 2011;26(3):329. - PMC - PubMed
Frederix 2012 {published data only}
    1. Frederix I, Berger J, Hansen D, Driessche N, Bonne K, Alders T, et al. How to keep coronary artery disease patients active after the acute rehabilitation phase? the value of an internet‐based telerehabilitation programme. Acta Cardiologica Conference: 31st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Belgian Society of Cardiology Brussels Belgium. 2012:67‐140.
Frederix 2013 {published data only}
    1. Frederix I, Hansen D, Berger J, Driessche N, Bonne K, Alders T, et al. The effect of an internet‐based telerehabilitation programme on the physical fitness of coronary artery disease patients after the acute rehabilitation phase. Acta Cardiologica Conference: 32nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Belgian Society of Cardiology Brussels Belgium. 2013:68‐115.
Friedman 1996 {published data only}
    1. Friedman R. Personal communication 2000.
    1. Friedman R, Kazis L, Jette A, Smith M, Stollerman J, Torgerson J, et al. A telecommunications system for monitoring and counseling patients with hypertension. Impact on medication adherence and blood pressure control. American Journal of Hypertension 1996;9(4 Part 1):285‐92. - PubMed
Frueh 2007 {published data only}
    1. Frueh BC, Monnier J, Yim E, Grubaugh AL, Hamner MB, Knapp RG. A randomized trial of telepsychiatry for post‐traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2007;13(3):142‐7. - PubMed
Gallar 2007 {published data only}
    1. Gallar P, Vigil A, Rodriguez I, Ortega O, Gutierrez M, Hurtado J, et al. Two‐year experience with telemedicine in the follow‐up of patients in home peritoneal dialysis. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2007;13(6):288‐92. - PubMed
Guendelman 2002 {published data only}
    1. Guendelman S, Meade K, Benson M, Chen YQ, Samuels S. Improving asthma outcomes and self‐management behaviors of inner‐city children: a randomized trial of the Health Buddy interactive device and an asthma diary.. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine 2002;156(2):114‐20. - PubMed
Halpin 2011 {published data only}
    1. Halpin DM, Laing‐Morton T, Spedding S, Levy ML, Coyle P, Lewis J, et al. A randomised controlled trial of the effect of automated interactive calling combined with a health risk forecast on frequency and severity of exacerbations of COPD assessed clinically and using EXACT PRO. Primary Care Respiratory Journal 2011;20(3):324‐31. - PMC - PubMed
Hanley 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hanley J, Ure J, McKinstry B, Padfield P, Wilde S, Pagliari C. Impact of telemetry enabled home blood pressure monitoring: Experiences of patients and professionals participating in the HITS randomised controlled trial of telemetry enabled home blood pressure (BP) monitoring. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2011; Vol. Conference: 2011 Annual Scientific Meeting of the British Hypertension Society, BHS Cambridge United Kingdom. Conference Start: 20110912 Conference End: 20110914. Conference Publication::var.pagings.
    1. Hanley J, Ure J, Pagliari C, Sheikh A, McKinstry B. Experiences of patients and professionals participating in the HITS home blood pressure telemonitoring trial: A qualitative study. BMJ open 2013;3(5):2013. - PMC - PubMed
Harno 2006 {published data only}
    1. Harno K, Kauppinen‐Makelin R, Syrjalainen J. Managing diabetes care using an integrated regional e‐health approach. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2006;12 Suppl 1:13‐5, 2006.:5. - PubMed
Hastings 1976 {published data only}
    1. Hastings G. Primary nurse practitioners and telemedicine in prison care: an evaluation. In: Zoog S, Yarnall S editor(s). The Changing Health Care Team. MCSA, 1976.
Hawkins 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hawkins SY. Improving glycemic control in older adults using a videophone motivational diabetes self‐management intervention. Research & Theory for Nursing Practice 2010;24(4):217‐32. - PubMed
Hayes, 2011 {published data only}
    1. Lansdale: HAYES, Inc. Telerehabilitation after stroke. Health Technology Assessment Database 2011; Vol. 2.
Hayes, 2011a {published data only}
    1. Lansdale, Hayes, Inc. Teledermatology for diagnosis and management of skin neoplasms. Health Technology Assessment Database 2011; Vol. 2.
Hayes, 2011b {published data only}
    1. Lansdale, Hayes, Inc. Mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry for home monitoring of cardiac patients. Health Technology Assessment Database 2011; Vol. 2.
Hayes, 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hayes, Inc. Telerehabilitation for musculoskeletal conditions, neuromuscular conditions, and mobility impairment. Health Technology Assessment Database 2012; Vol. 2.
Hayes, 2012a {published data only}
    1. Lansdale, Hayes, Inc. Remote cognitive‐behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa. Health Technology Assessment Database 2012; Vol. 2.
Hebden 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hebden L, Balestracci K, McGeechan K, Denney‐Wilson E, Harris M, Bauman A, et al. 'TXT2BFiT' a mobile phone‐based healthy lifestyle program for preventing unhealthy weight gain in young adults: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013;14(75):1‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Hebert 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hebert PL, Sisk JE, Tuzzio L, Casabianca JM, Pogue VA, Wang JJ, et al. Nurse‐led disease management for hypertension control in a diverse urban community: a randomized trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2012;27(6):630‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Heiney 2012 {published data only}
    1. Heiney SP, Adams SA, Wells LM, Johnson H, King JM. Participant evaluation of teleconference support for African American women with breast cancer. Cancer Nursing 2012;35(2):E24‐30. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Heiney SP, Millon Underwood S, Tavakoli A, Arp Adams S, Wells LM, Bryant LH. Randomized trial of therapeutic group by teleconference: African American women with breast cancer. Cancer 2012;118(15):3822‐32. - PubMed
Hilty 2007 {published data only}
    1. Hilty DM, Marks S, Wegeland J, Callahan EJ, Nesbitt TS. A randomized, controlled trial of disease management modules, including telepsychiatric care, for depression in rural primary care. Psychiatry 2007;4(2):58‐65. - PMC - PubMed
Himle 2012 {published data only}
    1. Himle MB, Freitag M, Walther M, Franklin SA, Ely L, Woods DW. A randomized pilot trial comparing videoconference versus face‐to‐face delivery of behavior therapy for childhood tic disorders. Behaviour Research & Therapy 2012;50(9):565‐70. - PubMed
Hoek 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hoek W, Schuurmans J, Koot HM, Cuijpers P. Effects of Internet‐based guided self‐help problem‐solving therapy for adolescents with depression and anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One [Electronic Resource] 2012;7(8):e43485, 2012. - PMC - PubMed
Istepanian 2009 {published data only}
    1. Istepanian RS, Zitouni K, Harry D, Moutosammy N, Sungoor A, Tang B, et al. Evaluation of a mobile phone telemonitoring system for glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2009;15(3):125‐8. - PubMed
    1. Istepanian RSH, Sungoor A, Earle KA. Technical and compliance considerations for mobile health self monitoring of glucose and blood pressure for patients with diabetes. Conference Proceedings IEEE. September 2‐6, 2009. - PubMed
Jaatinen 2002 {published data only}
    1. Jaatinen PT, Aarnio P, Remes J, Hannukainen J, Koymari‐Seilonen T. Teleconsultation as a replacement for referral to an outpatient ciinic. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2002;8(2):102‐6. - PubMed
Johnston 2000 {published data only}
    1. Johnston B, Wheeler L, Deuser J, Sousa KH. Outcomes of the Kaiser Permanente Tele‐Home Health Research Project. Archives of Family Medicine 2000;9(1):40‐5. - PubMed
Jones 2010 {published data only}
    1. Jones M, McManus RJ, Hobbs FDR, Mant J, Williams B, Bryan S, et al. A randomised controlled trial of telemonitoring and self management in the control of hypertension: telemonitoring and self management in hypertension: qualitative study. Journal of Hypertension 2010;28:e254.
    1. Jones MI, Greenfield SM, Bray EP, Baral‐Grant S, Hobbs FD, Holder R, et al. Patients' experiences of self‐monitoring blood pressure and self‐titration of medication: the TASMINH2 trial qualitative study. British Journal of General Practice 2012;62.(595):e135‐42. - PMC - PubMed
Juan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Juan C, Sanjoaquin AC, Lopez M, Romero D, Pinilla R, Ochoa P. Presentation of a frail elderly telemonitoring service lessons learned in the Barbarstro health care area. European Geriatric Medicine. 2011; Vol. Conference: 7th Congress of the EUGMS Malaga Spain. Conference Start: 20110928 Conference End: 20110930. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:2.
Kerby 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kerby TJ, Asche SE, Maciosek MV, Hillen JAMS, Tiawana SK, O'Connor PJ, et al. Adherence to comprehensive interventions for management of uncontrolled hypertension. Journal of Clinical Hypertension.Conference: 26th Annual Scientific Meeting and Exposition of the American Society of Hypertension, Inc., ASH 2011 New York, NY United States.. 2011:13‐A25.
    1. Kerby TJ, Asche SE, Maciosek MV, O'Connor PJ, Sperl‐Hillen JM, Margolis KL. Adherence to blood pressure telemonitoring in a cluster‐randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Hypertension 2012;14(10):668‐74. - PMC - PubMed
Kerr 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kerr DA, Pollard CM, Howat P, Delp EJ, Pickering M, Kerr K R, et al. Connecting Health and Technology (CHAT): protocol of a randomized controlled trial to improve nutrition behaviours using mobile devices and tailored text messaging in young adults. BMC Public Health 2012;12(477):1‐10. - PMC - PubMed
Kerry 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kerry SM, Markus HS, Khong TK, Cloud GC, Tulloch J, Coster D, et al. Home blood pressure monitoring with nurse‐led telephone support among patients with hypertension and a history of stroke: a community‐based randomized controlled trial. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 2013;185(1):23‐31. - PMC - PubMed
Kesavadev 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kesavadev J, Shankar A, Pillai PB, Krishnan G, Jothydev S. Cost‐effective use of telemedicine and self‐monitoring of blood glucose via Diabetes Tele Management System to achieve target glycosylated hemoglobin values without serious symptomatic hypoglycemia in 1,000 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study. Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics 2012;14(9):772‐6. - PubMed
Kessing 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kessing D, Denollet J, Widdershoven J, Kupper N. Investigating a TELEmedicine solution to improve MEDication adherence in chronic Heart Failure: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial [Investigating a TELEmedicine solution to improve MEDication adherence in chronic Heart Failure (TELEMED‐HF): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.]. Trials 2011;12:227. - PMC - PubMed
Kielblock 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kielblock B, Frye Ch, Kottmair S, Hudler T, Siegmund‐Schultze E, Middeke M. Impact of telemetric management on overall treatment costs and mortality rate among patients with chronic heart failure. Deutsche Medizinissche Wochenschrift 2007;132(9):417‐22. - PubMed
Kim 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kim HS, Shin SJ, Kim SC, An S, Rha SY, Ahn JB, et al. Randomized controlled trial of standardized education and telemonitoring for pain in outpatients with advanced solid tumors. Supportive Care in Cancer 2013;21(6):1751‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Kortke 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kortke H, Frisch S, Zittermann A, Berthold HK, El‐Arousy M, Gotting C, et al. A telemetrically‐guided program for weight reduction in overweight subjects (the SMART study). Deutsche Medizinissche Wochenschrift 2008;133(24):1297‐303. - PubMed
Kortke 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kortke H, Feige T, Secer S. Very‐low‐dose therapy in anticoagulation of patients with mechanical heart valve replacement supported by telemedicine ‐ Results of study ESCAT III. Hamostaseologie. 2012; Vol. Conference: 56. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft fur Thrombose‐ und Hamostase ‐ Forschung e. V., GTH St. Gallen Switzerland. Conference Start: 20120201 Conference End: 20120204. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:32.
    1. Kortke H, Secer S. Telemedical based thrombosis service of patients with mechanical heart valve replacement. Journal of Vascular Diseases. 2012; Vol. Conference: 41. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Angiologie Mainz Germany. Conference Start: 20120912 Conference End: 20120915. Conference Publication::41.
Kraft 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kraft M, Berg N, Kraft K, Schmekel S, Gartner S, Kruger J, et al. Development of a telemedical monitoring concept for the care of malnourished geriatric home‐dwelling patients: a pilot study. Maturitas 2012;72(2):126‐31. - PubMed
Krier 2011 {published data only}
    1. Krier M, Kaltenbach T, McQuaid K, Soetikno R. Potential use of telemedicine to provide outpatient care for inflammatory bowel disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2011;106(12):2063‐7. - PubMed
Kroenke 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kroenke K, Theobald D, Wu J, Norton K, Morrison G, Carpenter J, et al. Effect of telecare management on pain and depression in patients with cancer: a randomized trial. JAMA 2010;304(2):163‐71. - PMC - PubMed
Kulshreshta 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kulshreshtha A, Kvedar JC, Goyal A, Halpern EF, Watson AJ. Use of remote monitoring to improve outcomes in patients with heart failure: a pilot trial. International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications 2010;2010:1‐7. - PMC - PubMed
LaFramboise 2003 {published data only}
    1. LaFramboise LM, Todero CM, Zimmerman L, Agrawal S. Comparison of Health Buddy with traditional approaches to heart failure management. Family Community Health 2003;26(4):275‐88. - PubMed
Langhorne 2010 {published data only}
    1. Langhorne P, Stott D, Knight A, Bernhardt J, Barer D, Watkins C. Very early rehabilitation or intensive telemetry after stroke: a pilot randomised trial. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2010;29(4):352‐60. - PubMed
Leichter 2013 {published data only}
    1. Leichter SB, Bowman K, Adkins RA, Jelsovsky Z. Impact of remote management of diabetes via computer: the 360 study‐‐a proof‐of‐concept randomized trial. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2013;15(5):434‐8. - PubMed
Leu 2005 {published data only}
    1. Leu MG, Norris TE, Hummel J, Isaac M, Brogan MW. A randomized, controlled trial of an automated wireless messaging system for diabetes. Diabetes Technology and Therapy 2005;7(5):710‐8. - PubMed
Levine 2006 {published data only}
    1. Levine BA, McAlinden E, Ming‐Jye Hu T, Fang FM, Alaoui A, Angelus P, et al. Home monitoring of congestive heart failure patients. Proceedings of the 1st Distributed Diagnosisand Home Healthcare (D2H2) Conference. Arlington, Virginia, USA, April 2‐4, 2006.
Logan 2012 {published data only}
    1. Logan AG, Irvine MJ, McIsaac WJ, Tisler A, Rossos PG, Easty A, et al. Effect of home blood pressure telemonitoring with self‐care support on uncontrolled systolic hypertension in diabetics. Hypertension 2012;60(1):51‐7. - PubMed
    1. Logan AG, McIsaac W, Irvine J, Tisler A, Feig D, Cafazzo J. Home blood pressure monitoring requires feedback to patients to improve treatment of hypertension. Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2011; Vol. Conference: 26th Annual Scientific Meeting and Exposition of the American Society of Hypertension, Inc., ASH 2011 New York, NY United States. Conference Start: 20110521 Conference End: 20110524. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:13‐A133.
Lopes 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lopes De Almeida JP, Pinto A, Pinto S, Ohana B, Carvalho M. Economic cost of home‐telemonitoring care for BiPAP‐assisted ALS individuals. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 2012;13(6):533‐7. - PubMed
Luley 2011 {published data only}
    1. Luley C, Blaik A, Reschke K, Klose S, Westphal S. Weight loss in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: effects of telemonitoring plus a diet combination ‐ the Active Body Control Program. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2011;91:286‐92. - PubMed
Lynga 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lynga P, Persson H, Hagg‐Martinell A, Hagglund E, Hagerman I, Langius‐Eklof A, et al. Weight monitoring in patients with severe heart failure (WISH). A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Heart Failure 2012;14(4):438‐44. - PubMed
Man 2006 {published data only}
    1. Man DWK, Soong WYL, Tam SF, Hui‐Chan CWY. Self‐efficacy outcomes of people with brain injury in cognitive skill training using different types of trainer‐trinee interaction. Brain Injury 2006;20(9):959‐70. - PubMed
Marasinghe 2012 {published data only}
    1. Marasinghe RB, Edirippulige S, Kavanagh D, Smith A, Jiffry MT. Effect of mobile phone‐based psychotherapy in suicide prevention: a randomized controlled trial in Sri Lanka. Journal of Telemedicine & Telecare 2012;18(3):151‐5. - PubMed
Marios 2012 {published data only}
    1. Marios T, Dalton S, Smart NA. The effect of tele‐monitoring on exercise training adherence, functional capacity, quality of life and glycemic control in patients with type II diabetes. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2012;11:51‐6. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Marios T, Smart N. Telemonitoring improves exercise training adherence, physical fitness and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Cardiology. 2011; Vol. Conference: CUHK‐Mayo Clinic‐Asia Cardiovascular Summit Hong Kong Hong Kong. Conference Start: 20110326 Conference End: 20110327. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:147.
Marsch 2012 {published data only}
    1. Marsch LA. Leveraging technology in the behavioral treatment of substance use disorders. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2012; Vol. Conference: 35th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, RSA 2012 San Francisco, CA United States. Conference Start: 20120623 Conference End: 20120627. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:36.
McGill 2012 {published data only}
    1. McGill A, North J. An analysis of an ongoing trial of rural videoconference fracture clinics. Journal of Telemedicine & Telecare 2012;18(8):470‐2. - PubMed
    1. McGill AF, North JB. Teleconference fracture clinics: a trial for rural hospitals. ANZ Journal of Surgery 2012;82(1‐2):2‐3. - PubMed
McKenzie 2011 {published data only}
    1. McKenzie L, Tasker A, Greene S. Telemedicine delivered interpretation and improvement using a standardised protocol, for continuous glucose monitoring with multiple daily injections or pump therapy. Pediatric Diabetes. 2011; Vol. Conference: 37th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes, ISPAD Miami Beach, FL United States. Conference Start: 20111019 Conference End: 20111022. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:12.
McMahon 2012 {published data only}
    1. McMahon GT, Fonda SJ, Gomes HE, Alexis G, Conlin PR. A randomized comparison of online‐ and telephone‐based care management with internet training alone in adult patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Diabetes technology & Therapeutics 2012;14(11):1060‐7. - PMC - PubMed
McManus 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kaambwa B, Bryan S, Mant J, Bray EP, Holder R, Jones M, et al. Randomised controlled trial of telemonitoring and self management in the control of hypertension: telemonitoring and self management in hypertension: Economic analysis. Journal of Hypertension 2010;28:e281‐2.
    1. McManus R, Mant J, Bray E, Holder R, Jones M, Greenfield S, et al. A randomised controlled trial of telemonitoring and self management in the control of hypertension: Telemonitoring and self management in hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 2010;28:e233.
    1. McManus RJ, Mant J, Bray EP, Holder R, Jones MI, Greenfield S, et al. Telemonitoring and self‐management in the control of hypertension (TASMINH2): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010;376(9736):163‐72. - PubMed
Meyer 2010 {published data only}
    1. Meyer BC, Raman R, Ernstrom K, Tafreshi G, Huisa B, Stemer A B, et al. Retrospective assessment of long term outcomes for patients enrolled in the STRokE DOC Telemedicine Clinical Trial. Stroke (00392499) 2010;41:e287.
Miller 2007 {published data only}
    1. Miller C, Zimmerman L, Barnason S, Nieveen J. Impact of an early recovery management intervention on functioning in postoperative coronary artery bypass patients with diabetes. Heart & Lung 2007;36(6):418‐30. - PubMed
Miloh 2011 {published data only}
    1. Miloh T, Annunziato R, Arnon R, Kerkar N. Text messaging reduces rejection in pediatric liver transplant recipients: Long term follow‐up. American Journal of Transplantation. 2011; Vol. Conference: 11th American Transplant Congress, ATC 2011 Philadelphia, PA United States. Conference Start: 20110430 Conference End: 20110504. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:11‐95.
Moessner 2012 {published data only}
    1. Moessner M, Schiltenwolf M, Neubauer E. Internet‐based aftercare for patients with back pain‐a pilot study. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2012;18(6):413‐9. - PubMed
Montori 2004 {published data only}
    1. Montori VM, Helgemoe PK, Guyatt GH, Dean DS, Leung TW, Smith SA, et al. Telecare for patients with type 1 diabetes and inadequate glycemic control: a randomized controlled trial and meta‐analysis. Diabetes Care 2004;27(5):1088‐94. - PubMed
Moore 1975 {published data only}
    1. Moore G, Willemain T, Bonanno R, Clark W, Martin A, Mogielnicki R. Comparison of television and telephone for remote medical consultation. New England Journal of Medicine 1975;292:729‐32. - PubMed
Morey 2012 {published data only}
    1. Morey MC, Pieper CF, Edelman DE, Yancy WS, Green JB, Lum H, et al. Enhanced fitness: a randomized controlled trial of the effects of home‐based physical activity counseling on glycemic control in older adults with prediabetes mellitus. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2012;60:1655‐62. - PMC - PubMed
Morgan 2008 {published data only}
    1. Morgan GJ, Craig B, Grant B, Sands A, Doherty N, Casey F. Home videoconferencing for patients with severe congential heart disease following discharge. Congenital Heart Disease 2008;Heart Disease(5):317‐24. - PubMed
Morgan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Morgan DG, Crossley M, Kirk A, McBain L, Stewart NJ, D'Arcy C, et al. Evaluation of telehealth for preclinic assessment and follow‐up in an interprofessional rural and remote memory clinic. Journal of Applied Gerontology 2011;30(3):304‐31. - PMC - PubMed
Mullan 2003 {published data only}
    1. Mullan B, Snyder M, Lindgren B, Finkelstein S, Hertz M. Home monitoring for lung transplant candidates. Progress in Transplantation 2003;13(3):176‐82. - PubMed
Narayanan 2012 {published data only}
    1. Narayanan RP, Mason JM, Taylor J, Long AF, Gambling T, New JP, et al. Telemedicine to improve glycaemic control: 3‐year results from the Pro‐Active Call Centre Treatment Support (PACCTS) trial. Diabetic Medicine 2012;29(2):284‐5. - PubMed
Nelson 2003 {published data only}
    1. Nelson E, Barnard M, Cain S. Feasibility of telemedicine intervention for childhood depression. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research: Linking research with practice 2006;6(3):191‐5.
    1. Nelson E‐L, Barnard M, Cain S. Treating childhood depression over video conferencing. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2003;9(1):49‐55. - PubMed
Pacaud 2012 {published data only}
    1. Pacaud D, Kelley H, Downey AM, Chiasson M. Successful delivery of diabetes self‐care education and follow‐up through ehealth media. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 2012;36(5):257‐62.
Perings 2011 {published data only}
    1. Perings C, Bauer WR, Bondke HJ, Mewis C, James M, Bocker D, et al. Remote monitoring of implantable‐cardioverter defibrillators: results from the Reliability of IEGM Online Interpretation (RIONI) study. Europace 2011;13(2):221‐9. - PubMed
Persson 2011 {published data only}
    1. Persson H, Lofsjogard J, Melin M, Jaraj D, Fjellner A, Straat E. Results of a randomized clinical study evaluating nurse‐driven telemedicine interventions for high risk chronic heart failure patients with frequent rehospitalizations. European Heart Journal. 2011; Vol. Conference: European Society of Cardiology, ESC Congress 2011 Paris France. Conference Start: 20110827 Conference End: 20110831. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:32.
Phillips 2001 {published data only}
    1. Phillips VL, Vesmarovich S, Hauber R, Wiggers E, Egner A. Telehealth: reaching out to newly injured spinal cord patients. Public Health Reports 2001;116(Suppl 1):94‐102. - PMC - PubMed
Piette 2000 {published data only}
    1. Piette JD, Weinberger M, McPhee SJ. The effect of automated calls with telephone nurse follow‐up on patient‐centered outcomes of diabetes care: a randomized, controlled trial. Medical Care 2000;38(2):218‐30. - PubMed
    1. Piette JD, Weinberger M, McPhee SJ, Mah CA, Kraemer FB, Crapo LM. Do automated calls with nurse follow‐up improve self‐care and glycemic control among vulnerable patients with diabetes?. American Journal of Medicine 2000;108(1):20‐7. - PubMed
Piette 2001 {published data only}
    1. Piette JD, Weinberger M, Kraemer FB, McPhee SJ. Impact of automated calls with nurse follow‐up on diabetes treatment outcomes in a Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2001;24(2):202‐8. - PubMed
Preschl 2011 {published data only}
    1. Preschl B, Maercker A, Wagner B. The working alliance in a randomized controlled trial comparing online with face‐to‐face cognitive‐behavioral therapy for depression. BMC Psychiatry 2011;11(189):1‐10. - PMC - PubMed
Pronovost 2009 {published data only}
    1. Pronovost A, Peng P, Kern R. Telemedicine in the management of chronic pain: a cost analysis study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;56(8):590‐6. - PubMed
Racine 2008 {published data only}
    1. Racine AD, Alderman EM, Avner JR. ED phone home: a prospective randomized intervention to decrease repeat emergency department visits. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2008;93:34.
Ramos 2009 {published data only}
    1. Ramos A, Rodriguez C, Martinez‐Beneyto P, Perez D, Gault A, Carlos Falcon J, et al. Use of telemedicine in the remote programming of cochlear implants.. Acta Oto‐Laryngologica 2009;129:533‐40. - PubMed
Regan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Regan S, Reyen M, Lockhart AC, Richards AE, Rigotti NA. An interactive voice response system to continue a hospital‐based smoking cessation intervention after discharge. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2011;13(4):255‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Reijonsaari 2012 {published data only}
    1. Reijonsaari K, Vehtari A, Kahilakoski OP, Mechelen W, Aro T, Taimela S. The effectiveness of physical activity monitoring and distance counseling in an occupational setting ‐ results from a randomized controlled trial (CoAct). BMC Public Health 2012;12:344. - PMC - PubMed
Rein 2011 {published data only}
    1. Rein DB, Wittenborn JS, Zhang X, Allaire BA, Song MS, Klein R, et al. The cost‐effectiveness of three screening alternatives for people with diabetes with no or early diabetic retinopathy. Health Services Research 2011;46:1534‐61. - PMC - PubMed
Rigla 2008 {published data only}
    1. Rigla M, Hernando M, Gomez E, Burgues E, Garcia‐Saez G, Capel I, et al. Real‐time continuous glucose monitoring together with telemedical assistance improves glycemic control and glucose stability in pump‐treated patients.. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2008;10(3):194‐9. - PubMed
Roberts 2011 {published data only}
    1. Roberts M, Robinson T. Telemed: Bringing technology to the homes of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease‐ Lessons learnt. Respirology. 2011; Vol. Conference: TSANZ and ANZSRS Annual Scientific Meetings Perth, WA Australia. Conference Start: 20110401 Conference End: 20110406. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:16.
Rogan 2012 {published data only}
    1. Rogan K. Telemedicine trial for sick infants. Australian Nursing Journal 2012;19(10):39, 2012. - PubMed
Rotheram‐Borus 2012 {published data only}
    1. Rotheram‐Borus MJ, Tomlinson M, Gwegwe M, Comulada WS, Kaufman N, Keim M. Diabetes buddies: peer support through a mobile phone buddy system. Diabetes Educator 2012;38(3):357‐65. - PMC - PubMed
Rotondi 2005 {published data only}
    1. Rotondi A, Haas G, Anderson C, Newhill C, Spring M, Ganguli R, et al. A clinical trial to test the feasibility of a telehealth psycho educational intervention for persons with schizophrenia and their families: Intervention and 3‐month findings. Rehabilitation Psychology 2005;50(4):325‐36. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rotondi AJ, Anderson CM, Haas GL, Ganguli R, Spring M, Eack M, et al. Web‐basedhome delivery of multi‐family psychoeducational therapy to persons with schizophrenia and their family members: 1‐year outcomes and cognitive design. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2011; Vol. Conference: 13th International Congress on Schizophrenia Research, ICOSR Colorado Springs, CO United States. Conference Start: 20110402 Conference End: 20110406. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:37.
Russell 2003 {published data only}
    1. Russell T, Buttrum P, Wootton R, Jull G. Low‐bandwidth telerehabilitation for patients who have undergone total knee replacement: preliminary results. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2003;9 Suppl 2:S44‐S47. - PubMed
Ruwaard 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ruwaard J, Broeksteeg J, Schrieken B, Emmelkamp P, Lange A. Web‐based therapist‐assisted cognitive behavioral treatment of panic symptoms: A randomized controlled trial with a three‐year follow‐up. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2010;24(4):387‐96. - PubMed
Sanders 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sanders C, Rogers A, Bowen R, Bower P, Hirani S, Cartwright M, et al. Exploring barriers to participation and adoption of telehealth and telecare within the Whole System Demonstrator trial: a qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research 2012;12.(220):1‐12. - PMC - PubMed
Sanford 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sanford JA, Griffiths PC, Richardson P, Hargraves K, Butterfield T, Hoenig H. The effects of in‐home rehabilitation on task self‐efficacy in mobility‐impaired adults: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 2006;54(11):1641‐8. - PubMed
    1. Sanford JA, Hoenig H, Griffiths PC, Butterfield T, Richardson P, Hargraves K. A comparison of televideo and traditional in‐home rehabilitation in mobility impaired older adults. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics 2007;2007;25(3):1‐18.
Schillinger 2009 {published data only}
    1. Schillinger D, Handley M, Wang F, Hammer H. Effects of self‐management support on structure, process, and outcomes among vulnerable patients with diabetes.. Diabetes Care 2009;32(4):559‐66. - PMC - PubMed
Seto 2010 {published data only}
    1. Seto E, Leonard KJ, Masino C, Cafazzo JA, Barnsley J, Ross HJ. Attitudes of heart failure patients and health care providers towards mobile phone‐based remote monitoring. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2010;12(4):e55, 2010. - PMC - PubMed
Sheeran 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sheeran T, Rabinowitz T, Reilly CF, Lotterman J, Bruce ML. Telemedicine to improve depression care in homecare. Clinical and Translational Science. 2011; Vol. Conference: 2011 Clinical and Translational Research and Education Meeting: ACRT/AFMR/SCTS Joint Annual Meeting Washington, DC United States. Conference Start: 20110427 Conference End: 20110429. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:4‐111.
Smith 2006 {published data only}
    1. Smith C, Dauz E, Clements F, Puno F, Cook D, Doolitlle G, et al. Telehealth services to improve non adherence: A placebo‐controlled study. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2006;12(3):289‐96. - PubMed
Smith 2008 {published data only}
    1. Smith B, Hughes‐Cromwick P, Forkner E, Galbreath A. Cost‐effectiveness of telephonic disease management in heart failure. American Journal of Managed Care 2008;14(2):106‐15. - PubMed
Smith 2010 {published data only}
    1. Smith M, Fu S, Nugent S, Nelson D, Joseph A, An L. A cost‐effective telehealth intervention for smoking cessation. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2010; Vol. 25:Poster session: Society ofGeneral Internal Medicine Annual Meeting; 2010 Apr 28; Minneapolis, MN..
    1. Smith MW, An LC, Fu SS, Nelson DB, Joseph AM. Cost‐effectiveness of an intensive telephone‐based intervention for smoking cessation. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2011;17:437‐40. - PubMed
Smith 2011 {published data only}
    1. Smith KM, McKelvie RS, Thorpe KE, Arthur HM. Six‐year follow‐up of a randomised controlled trial examining hospital versus home‐based exercise training after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Heart 2011;97(14):1169‐74. - PubMed
Sohn 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sohn S, Helms TM, Pelleter JT, Muller A, Krottinger AI, Schoffski O. Costs and benefits of personalized healthcare for patients with chronic heart failure in the care and education program "Telemedicine for the Heart". Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2012;18(3):198‐204. - PubMed
Sorknaes 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sorknaes AD, Madsen H, Hallas J, Jest P, Hansen‐Nord M. Nurse tele‐consultations with discharged COPD patients reduce early readmissions‐‐an interventional study. Clinical Respiratory Journal 2011;5:26‐34. - PubMed
Sparks 1993 {published data only}
    1. Shaw D, Sparks K, Jennings H, Vantrease J. Cardiac rehabilitation using simultaneous voice and electrocardiographic transtelephonic monitoring. American Journal of Cardiology 1995;76:1069‐71. - PubMed
    1. Sparks K, Shaw D, Eddy D, Hanigosky P, Vantrese J. Alternatives for cardiac rehabilitation patients unable to return to a hospital based program. Heart & Lung 1993;22(4):298‐303. - PubMed
Stone 2012 {published data only}
    1. Stone RA, Sevick MA, Rao RH, Macpherson DS, Cheng C, Kim S, et al. The Diabetes Telemonitoring Study Extension: an exploratory randomized comparison of alternative interventions to maintain glycemic control after withdrawal of diabetes home telemonitoring. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2012;19(6):973‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Strath 2011 {published data only}
    1. Strath SJ, Swartz AM, Parker SJ, Miller NE, Grimm EK, Cashin SE. A pilot randomized controlled trial evaluating motivationally matched pedometer feedback to increase physical activity behavior in older adults. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2011;8 Suppl 2:S267‐74. - PMC - PubMed
Stricklin 2000 {published data only}
    1. Stricklin MLW, Jones S, Niles SA. Home TalkTM/Healthy Talk‐ improving patients' health status with telephone technology. Home Healthcare Nurse 2000;18(1):53‐62. - PubMed
Stuckey 2011 {published data only}
    1. Stuckey M, Fulkerson R, Read E, Russell‐Minda E, Munoz C, Kleinstiver P, et al. Remote monitoring technologies for the prevention of metabolic syndrome: the Diabetes and Technology for Increased Activity (DaTA) study. Journal of Diabetes Science & Technology 2011;5(4):936‐44. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stuckey M, Russell‐Minda E, Read E, Munoz C, Shoemaker K, Kleinstiver P, et al. Diabetes and Technology for Increased Activity (DaTA) study: results of a remote monitoring intervention for prevention of metabolic syndrome. Journal of Diabetes Science & Technology 2011;5(4):928‐35. - PMC - PubMed
Summerhayes 2012 {published data only}
    1. Summerhayes C, McGee JA, Cooper RJ, Ghauri ASK, Ranaboldo CJ. Introducing leg ulcer telemedicine into rural general practice. Wounds UK 2012;8:28‐36.
Tan 2013 {published data only}
    1. Tan JC, Poh EW, Srinivasan S, Lim TH. A pilot trial of tele‐ophthalmology for diagnosis of chronic blurred vision. Journal of Telemedicine & Telecare 2013;19(2):65‐9. - PubMed
Thokala 2013 {published data only}
    1. Thokala P, Brennan A, Baalbaki H. Cost‐effectiveness modelling of telemonitoring after discharge from hospital with heart failure. Value in Health. 2013; Vol. Conference: ISPOR 18th Annual International Meeting New Orleans, LA United States. Conference Start: 20130518 Conference End: 20130522. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:16.
Thorp 2012 {published data only}
    1. Thorp SR, Fidler J, Moreno L, Floto E, Agha Z. Lessons learned from studies of psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder via video teleconferencing. Psychological Services 2012;9(2):197‐9. - PubMed
Timmerberg 2009 {published data only}
    1. Timmerberg B, Wurst J, Patterson J, Spaulding R, Belz N. Feasibility of using videoconferencing to provide diabetes education: a pilot study. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2009;15(2):95‐97. - PubMed
Timonen 2004 {published data only}
    1. Timonen O. The teleconsultation in general practice. A randomized, controlled study of a remote consultation experiment using a videoconferencing system. Brochure of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Oulu (Aapistie 1) (thesis) 2004:1‐94. - PubMed
    1. Timonen O. The teleconsultation in general practice. A randomized, controlled study of a remote consultation experiment using a videoconferencing system. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 2004;63(3):289‐90. - PubMed
Vanagas 2012 {published data only}
    1. Vanagas G, Umbrasiene J, Slapikas R, Holst H, Karvelyte N, Lotowski K, et al. Effectiveness of telemedicine and distance learning applications for patients with chronic heart failure. A protocol for prospective parallel group non‐randomised open label study. BMJ Open 2012;2(5):2012. - PMC - PubMed
Varma 2013 {published data only}
    1. Varma N, Brugada P. Automatic remote monitoring: is there a need?. Europace 2013;15 Suppl 1:i1‐i2, 2013 Jun.:i2. - PubMed
Vitacca 2009 {published data only}
    1. Vitacca M, Bianchi L, Guerra A, Fracchia C, Spanevello A, Balbi B, et al. Tele‐assistance in chronic respiratory failure patients: a randomised clinical trial. European Respiratory Journal 2009;33(2):411‐8. - PubMed
Vuolio 2003 {published data only}
    1. Haukipuro K, Ohinmaa A, Winblad I, Linden T, Vuolio S. The feasibility of telemedicine for orthopaedic outpatient clinics‐ a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2000;6:193‐8. - PubMed
    1. Ohinmaa A, Vuolio S, Haukipuro K, Winblad I. A cost‐minimization analysis of orthopaedic consultations using vide‐conferencing in comparison with conventional consulting.. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2002;8:283‐9. - PubMed
    1. Vuolio S, Winblad I, Ohinmaa A, Haukipuro K. Videoconferencing for ortopaedic outpatients: one‐year follow up. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2003;9:8‐11. - PubMed
Whitten 2007 {published data only}
    1. Whitten P, Mickus M. Home telecare for COPD/CHF patients: outcomes and perceptions. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2007;13(2):69‐73. - PubMed
Wilkinson 2008 {published data only}
    1. Wilkinson OM, Duncan‐Skingle F, Pryor JA, Hodson ME. A feasibility study of home telemedicine for patients with cystic fibrosis awaiting transplantation. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2008;14(4):182‐5. - PubMed
Woollard 2005 {published data only}
    1. Woollard M, Pitt K, Hayward AJ, Taylor NC. Limited benefits of ambulance telemetry in delivering early thrombolysis: a randomised controlled trial. Emergency Medical Journal 2005;22(3):209‐15. - PMC - PubMed
Wray 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wray LO, Shulan MD, Toseland RW, Freeman KE, Vásquez BE, Gao J. The effect of telephone support groups on costs of care for veterans with dementia. Gerontologist 2010;50(5):623‐31. - PubMed
Xu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Xu C, Jackson M, Scuffham PA, Wootton R, Simpson P, Whitty J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of an interactive voice response telephone system and specialist nurse support for childhood asthma management. Journal of Asthma 2010;47:768‐73. - PubMed
Zutz 2007 {published data only}
    1. Zutz A, Ignaszewski A, Bates J, Lear S. Utilization of the internet to deliver cardiac rehabilitation at a distance: a pilot study. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2007;13(3):323‐30. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abraham 2011 {published data only}
    1. Abraham WT, Adamson PB, Bourge RC, Aaron MF, Costanzo MR, Stevenson LW, et al. Wireless pulmonary artery haemodynamic monitoring in chronic heart failure: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011;377(9766):658‐66. - PubMed
Aharonovich 2012 {published data only}
    1. Aharonovich E, Greenstein E, O'Leary A, Johnston B, Seol SG, Hasin DS. HealthCall: technology‐based extension of motivational interviewing to reduce non‐injection drug use in HIV primary care patients ‐ a pilot study. AIDS Care 2012;24(12):1461‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Aitken 2011 {published data only}
    1. Aitken M L, Caldwell E, Wilhelm E, Goss CH. Early intervention in pulmonary exacerbation. Pediatric Pulmonology. 2011; Vol. Conference: 25th Annual North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference Anaheim, CA United States. Conference Start: 20111103 Conference End: 20111105. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:46.
Antoniades 2012 {published data only}
    1. Antoniades NC, Rochford PD, Pretto JJ, Pierce R J, Gogler J, Steinkrug J, et al. Pilot study of remote telemonitoring in COPD. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2012;18(8):634‐40. - PubMed
Blasco 2012 {published data only}
    1. Blasco A, Carmona M, Fernandez‐Lozano I, Salvador CH, Pascual M, Sagredo PG, et al. Evaluation of a telemedicine service for the secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation & Prevention 2012;32(1):25‐31. - PubMed
Bove 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bove AA, Homko CJ, Santamore WP, Kashem M, Kerper M, Elliott DJ. Managing hypertension in urban underserved subjects using telemedicine‐‐a clinical trial. American Heart Journal 2013;165(4):615‐21. - PubMed
    1. Fonseka NL, Santamore WP, Kashem MA, Homko CJ, Bove AA. Impact of telemedicine system on blood pressure control in an Urban medically underserved population. Circulation. 2011; Vol. Conference: American Heart Association's Scientific Sessions 2011 Orlando, FL United States. Conference Start: 20111112 Conference End: 20111116. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:124.
    1. Rakita V, Schweitzer S, Kashem A, Homko C, Kerper M, Santamore W, et al. Effects of blood pressure self measurement and telemedicine communication on physician prescribing habits. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2012; Vol. Conference: 61th Annual Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology and i2 Summit: Innovation in Intervention, ACC.12 Chicago, IL United States. Conference Start: 20120324 Conference End: 20120327. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:59.
Broekhuizen 2013 {published data only}
    1. Broekhuizen K, Poppel MN, Koppes LL, Brug J, Mechelen W. A tailored lifestyle intervention to reduce the cardiovascular disease risk of individuals with Familial Hypercholesterolemia: design of the PRO‐FIT randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2010;10:69. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Broekhuizen K, Poppel MNM, Koppes LL, Kindt I, Brug J, Mechelen W. Can multiple lifestyle behaviours be improved in people with familial hypercholesterolemia? Results of a parallel randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2013;7(12):e50032. - PMC - PubMed
Callender 2012 {published data only}
    1. Callender C, Caster E, Bland G. Hypertension telehealth self‐management intervention. Ethnicity and Disease. 2012; Vol. Conference: 27th Annual International Interdisciplinary Conference on Hypertension and Related Risk Factors In Ethnic Populations, ISHIB 2012 Miami Beach, FL United States. Conference Start: 20120713 Conference End: 20120715. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:22.
Calo 2013 {published data only}
    1. Calo L, Gargaro A, Ruvo E, Palozzi G, Sciarra L, Rebecchi M, et al. Economic impact of remote monitoring on ordinary follow‐up of implantable cardioverter defibrillators as compared with conventional in‐hospital visits. A single‐center prospective and randomized study. Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology 2013;37(1):69‐78. - PubMed
Campos 2012 {published data only}
    1. Campos PD, Ferrari DV. Teleaudiology: evaluation of teleconsultation efficacy for hearing aid fitting. Jornal da Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia 2012;24:301‐8. - PubMed
Chambers 2012 {published data only}
    1. Chambers CJ, Parsi KK, Schupp C, Armstrong AW. Patient‐centered online management of psoriasis: a randomized controlled equivalency trial. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2012;66(6):948‐53. - PMC - PubMed
Chau 2012 {published data only}
    1. Chau JP, Lee DT, Yu DS, Chow AY, Yu WC, Chair SY, et al. A feasibility study to investigate the acceptability and potential effectiveness of a telecare service for older people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2012;81(10):674‐82. - PubMed
Choudhuri 2012 {published data only}
    1. Choudhuri I, Desai D, Walburg J, August P, Keller SI, Suri R. Feasibility of early discharge after implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator procedures. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 2012;23(10):1123‐9. - PubMed
Chumbler 2012 {published data only}
    1. Chumbler NR, Quigley P, Li X, Morey M, Rose D, Sanford J, et al. Effects of telerehabilitation on physical function and disability for stroke patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke (00392499) 2012;43(8):2168‐74. - PubMed
    1. Chumbler NR, Roudebush RL, Morey MC, Griffiths P, Quigley P, Rose DK, et al. The effects of a stroke telerehabilitation in‐home intervention on function and disability: Preliminary results of a randomized clinical trial. Stroke (00392499) 2011; Vol. Conference: 2011 International Stroke Conference Los Angeles, CA United States. Conference Start: 20110209 Conference End: 20110211. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:42‐e77.
Conroy 2011 {published data only}
    1. Conroy MB, Yang K, Elci OU, Gabriel KP, Styn MA, Wang J, et al. Physical activity self‐monitoring and weight loss: 6‐month results of the SMART trial. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2011;43(8):1568‐74. - PMC - PubMed
de Niet 2012 {published data only}
    1. Niet J, Timman R, Bauer S, Akker E, Buijks H, Klerk C, et al. The effect of a short message service maintenance treatment on body mass index and psychological well‐being in overweight and obese children: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Obesity 2012;7(3):205‐19. - PubMed
Deschildre 2012 {published data only}
    1. Deschildre A, Beghin L, Salleron J, Iliescu C, Thumerelle C, Santos C. Home telemonitoring in children with severe asthma does not reduce exacerbations. European Respiratory Journal 2012;39:290‐6. - PubMed
Eberl 2006 {published data only}
    1. Eberl R, Biskup K, Reckwitz N, Muhr G, Clasbrummel B. The televisit system in patients care after discharge in clinical use‐‐first experiences. Biomedizinische Technik (Berl) 2005;50(5):132‐6. - PubMed
    1. Eberl R, Kaminski A, Reckwitz N, Muhr G, Clasbrummel B. The televisit as a telemedical technique in daily clincal practice.First results for elbow joint arthrolysis [Die Televisite als Anwendungsformder Telemedizin imklinischen Alltag.Erste Ergebnisse bei der Ellbogengelen karthrolyse]. Unfallchirurg 2006;109:383‐90. - PubMed
Fortney 2013 {published data only}
    1. Fortney JC, Pyne JM, Mouden SB, Mittal D, Hudson TJ, Schroeder GW, et al. Practice‐based versus telemedicine‐based collaborative care for depression in rural federally qualified health centers: a pragmatic randomized comparative effectiveness trial. American Journal of Psychiatry 2013;170(4):414‐25. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hudson TJ, Fortney JC, Lu L, Pyne JM, Mittal D. Comparison of antidepressant side effects in telemedicine‐based versus practice‐based collaborative care. Clinical and Translational Science. 2012; Vol. Conference: Translational Science 2012 Meeting Washington, DC United States. Conference Start: 20120418 Conference End: 20120420. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:5.
Foster 2011 {published data only}
    1. Foster G, Napolitano M, Reyes NR, Dilks R, Byrd A, Homko CJ, et al. The effects of a church‐based and telemedicine program on weight loss maintenance: A randomized trial. Obesity. 2011; Vol. Conference: 29th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Obesity Society, Obesity 2011 Orlando, FL United States. Conference Start: 20111001 Conference End: 20111005. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:19‐S48.
Fox 2012 {published data only}
    1. Fox N, Hirsch‐Allen A, Goodfellow E, Wenner J, Fleetham JA, Ryan C, et al. Can a telemedicine monitoring system improve cpap adherence in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2010; Vol. Conference: American Thoracic Society International Conference, ATS 2010 New Orleans, LA United States. Conference Start: 20100514 Conference End: 20100519. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:181.
    1. Fox N, Hirsch‐Allen AJ, Goodfellow E, Wenner J, Fleetham J, Ryan CF, et al. The impact of a telemedicine monitoring system on positive airway pressure adherence in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial. Sleep 2012;35(4):477‐81. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fox N, Hirsch‐Allen AJ, Goodfellow E, Wenner J, Fleetham JA, Ryan CF. Can a Telemedicine Monitoring System improve CPAP adherence In patients with obstructive sleep apnea. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2010;181:A5570.
Gupta 2013 {published data only}
    1. Gupta J, Fletcher T, Larcombe T, Gupta T. Telemonitoring as bridge to discharge in advanced heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2013; Vol. Conference: Heart Failure Congress 2013 Lisbon Portugal. Conference Start: 20130525 Conference End: 20130528. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:12.
Gustafson 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gustafson D, Wise M, Bhattacharya A, Pulvermacher A, Shanovich K, Phillips B, et al. The effects of combining Web‐based eHealth with telephone nurse case management for pediatric asthma control: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012;14(4):e101. - PMC - PubMed
Heudebert 2013 {published data only}
    1. Heudebert A, Eichold B, Arrieta MI, Roach D, Brown S, Hansberry S, et al. Real‐time tele‐monitoring of glucose as adjunct to the management of type 2 diabetes in primary care. Journal of Investigative Medicine. 2013; Vol. Conference: American Federation for Medical Research Southern Regional Meeting, AFMR 2013 New Orleans, LA United States. Conference Start: 20130221 Conference End: 20130223. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:61.
Howlett 2011 {published data only}
    1. Howlett JG, Marr D, Palmer K, O'Neill BJ, Rajda M. A comparison of primary care, home‐based telemonitoring, telemonitoring with video, or specialist directed heart failure clinic care for patients with high risk heart failure. Circulation. 2011; Vol. Conference: American Heart Association's Scientific Sessions 2011 Orlando, FL United States. Conference Start: 20111112 Conference End: 20111116. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:124.
Jodar‐Sanchez 2013 {published data only}
    1. Jodar‐Sanchez F, Ortega F, Parra C, Gomez‐Suarez C, Jordan A, Perez P, et al. Implementation of a telehealth programme for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with long‐term oxygen therapy. Journal of Telemedicine & Telecare 2013;19(1):11‐7. - PubMed
Kamei 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kamei Tomoko, Tamamoto Yuko, Kajii Fumiko, Nakayama Yuki, Kamei Nobuaki. Preventing acute respiratory exacerbation and readmission of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with home oxygen therapy: evaluation of home‐monitoring based telenursing practice by a randomized‐controlled trial [Japanese]. Journal of Japan Academy of Nursing Science 2011;31(2):24‐33.
Kamel 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kamel H, Navi BB, Elijovich L, Josephson SA, Yee AH, Fung G, et al. Pilot randomized trial of outpatient cardiac monitoring after cryptogenic stroke. Stroke (00392499) 2013;44(2):528‐30. - PubMed
Kasckow 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kasckow J, Gurklis J, Haas G. A telehealth intervention for suicidal patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2011; Vol. Conference: 13th International Congress on Schizophrenia Research, ICOSR Colorado Springs, CO United States. Conference Start: 20110402 Conference End: 20110406. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:37‐309.
Kashem 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kashem A, Keper M, Homko CJ, Santamore WP, Hewitt V, Eubanks A, et al. Hypertension management in urban underserved patients using an Internet communication system. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011; Vol. Conference: 60th Annual Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology and i2 Summit: Innovation in Intervention, ACC.11 New Orleans, LA United States. Conference Start: 20110402 Conference End: 20110405. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:57.
Klocek 2010 {published data only}
    1. Klocek M, Brzozowska‐Kiszka M, Rajzer M, Kawecka‐Jaszcz K. [Changes in quality of life in hypertensive patients during home blood pressure telemonitoring] TO: Zmiany w jakosci zycia chorych na nadcisnienie tetnicze w czasie telemonitorowania domowych pomiarow cisnienia LA: Pol. Nadcisnienie Tetnicze 2010;14:120‐7.
Kokubu 1999 {published data only}
    1. Kokubu F, Nakajima S, Ito K, Makino S, Kitamura S, Fukuchi Y, et al. Hospitalization reduction by an asthmatelemedicine system. Arerugi 2000 2000;49(1):19‐31. - PubMed
    1. Kokubu F, Suzuki H, Sano Y, Kihara N, Adachi M. Telemedicinesystem for high‐risk asthmatic patients. Arerugi 1999;48(7):700‐12. - PubMed
Landolina 2012 {published data only}
    1. Landolina M, Perego GB, Lunati M, Curnis A, Guenzati G, Vicentini A, et al. Remote monitoring reduces healthcare use and improves quality of care in heart failure patients with implantable defibrillators: the evolution of management strategies of heart failure patients with implantable defibrillators (EVOLVO) study. Circulation 2012;125(24):2985‐92. - PubMed
    1. Marzegalli M, Lunati M, Landolina M, Perego GB, Ricci RP, Guenzati G, et al. Remote monitoring of CRT‐ICD: the multicenter Italian CareLink evaluation ‐ ease of use, acceptance, and organizational implications. Pacing Clinical Electrophysiology 2008;31(10):1259‐64. - PubMed
    1. Zanaboni P, Landolina M, Marzegalli M, Lunati M, Perego GB, Guenzati G, et al. Cost‐utility analysis of the EVOLVO study on remote monitoring for heart failure patients with implantable defibrillators: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2013;15(5):e106. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zanaboni P, Marzegalli M, Landolina ME, Lunati M, Perego GB, Guenzati G, et al. Evaluation of telemonitoring for heart failure patients with implantable defibrillators: The evolvo (evolution of management strategies of heart failure patients with implantable defibrillators) study. Value in Health 2012; Vol. Conference: ISPOR 15th Annual European Congress Berlin Germany. Conference Start: 20121103 Conference End: 20121107. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:15.
Mabo 2012 {published data only}
    1. Mabo P, Victor F, Bazin P, Ahres S, Babuty D, Costa A, et al. A randomized trial of long‐term remote monitoring of pacemaker recipients (the COMPAS trial). European Heart Journal 2012;33(9):1105‐11. - PMC - PubMed
Margolis 2013 {published data only}
    1. Margolis KL, Asche SE, Bergdall AR, Dehmer SP, Groen DE, Kadrmas HM, et al. Effect of home blood pressure telemonitoring and pharmacist management on blood pressure control: a cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;310(1):46‐56. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Margolis KL, Kerby TJ, Asche SE, Bergdall AR, Maciosek MV, O'Connor PJ, et al. Design and rationale for home blood pressure telemonitoring and case management to control hypertension: a cluster randomized trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2012;33:794‐803. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Margolis KL, Kerby TJ, Asche SE, Maciosek MV, Meyers PJ, Sperl‐Hillen JM, et al. Home blood pressure telemonitoring and case management to control hypertension: Hyperlink design, baseline characteristics, and intervention adherence. Journal of Clinical Hypertension 2010;12:A81‐A2.
    1. Margolius D, Wong J, Goldman ML, Rouse‐Iniguez J, Bodenheimer T. Delegating responsibility from clinicians to nonprofessional personnel: the example of hypertension control. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine: JABFM 2012;25(2):209‐15. - PubMed
McDowell 2012 {published data only}
    1. McDowell J E, McKeown G, Hanna B, Sloan H, Howard J, Jackson E. A model of home based healthcare with telehealth monitoring improves quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [Abstract]. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2012;185:A5787.
McKinstry 2013 {published data only}
    1. McKinstry B, Hanley J, Wild S, Pagliari C, Paterson M, Lewis S, et al. Telemonitoring based service redesign for the management of uncontrolled hypertension: multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2013;346(f3030):1‐18. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stoddart A, Hanley J, Wild S, Pagliari C, Paterson M, Lewis S, et al. Telemonitoring‐based service redesign for the management of uncontrolled hypertension (HITS): Cost and cost‐effectiveness analysis of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ open 2013;3(5):2013. - PMC - PubMed
Moattari 2013 {published data only}
    1. Moattari M, Hashemi M, Dabbaghmanesh MH. The impact of electronic education on metabolic control indicators in patients with diabetes who need insulin: a randomised clinical control trial. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2013;22(1‐2):32‐8. - PubMed
Moss‐Morris 2012 {published data only}
    1. Moss‐Morris R, McCrone P, Yardley L, Kessel K, Wills G, Dennison L. A pilot randomised controlled trial of an Internet‐based cognitive behavioural therapy self‐management programme for multiple sclerosis fatigue. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2012;50:415‐21. - PubMed
Neumann 2013 {published data only}
    1. Neumann CL, Wagner F, Menne J, Brockes C, Schmidt‐Weitmann S, Rieken EM, et al. Body weight telemetry is useful to reduce interdialytic weight gain in patients with end‐stage renal failure on hemodialysis. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2013;19(6):480‐6. - PubMed
Nicolucci 2011 {published data only}
    1. Prato S, Nicolucci A, Lovagnini‐Scher AC, Turco S, Leotta S, Vespasiani G, et al. Telecare provides comparable efficacy to conventional self‐monitored blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes titrating one injection of insulin glulisine‐the ELEONOR study. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2012;14(2):175‐82. - PubMed
    1. Nicolucci A, Prato S, Vespasiani G, Group Eleonor Study. Optimizing insulin glargine plus one injection of insulin glulisine in type 2 diabetes in the ELEONOR study: similar effects of telecare and conventional self‐monitoring of blood glucose on patient functional health status and treatment satisfaction. Diabetes Care 2011;34(12):2524‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Nield 2012 {published data only}
    1. Nield M, Hoo G W. Real‐time telehealth for COPD self‐management using SkypeTM. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2012;9(6):611‐9. - PubMed
Osmera 2013 {published data only}
    1. Osmera O. Role of home monitoring in effective device management of patients with implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators: A prospective randomized trial. European Sociology of Cardiology‐Poster session 5: Electrophysiologic studies/sudden cardiac death 2012.
    1. Osmera O, Bulava A. The benefits of a remote monitoring system in longterm follow up of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Vnitrni Lekarstvi 2013;59(4):269‐76. - PubMed
Patrick 2013 {published data only}
    1. Patrick K, Norman GJ, Davila EP, Calfas KJ, Raab F, Gottschalk M, et al. Outcomes of a 12‐month technology‐based intervention to promote weight loss in adolescents at risk for type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Science & Technology 2013;7(3):759‐70. - PMC - PubMed
Pedone 2013 {published data only}
    1. Pedone C, Chiurco D, Scarlata S, Incalzi RA. Efficacy of multiparametric telemonitoring on respiratory outcomes in elderly people with COPD: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Health Services Research 2013;13(82):1‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Pekmezaris 2012 {published data only}
    1. Pekmezaris R, Mitzner I, Pecinka KR, Nouryan CN, Lesser ML, Siegel M, et al. The impact of remote patient monitoring (telehealth) upon Medicare beneficiaries with heart failure. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2012;18(2):101‐8. - PubMed
Pinnock 2013 {published data only}
    1. Pinnock H, Fairbrother P, Hanley J, McCloughlan L, Todd A, McKinstry B. Perspectives of patient and professional participants on telehealthcare and the impact on self‐management: qualitative study nested in the TELESCOT COPD trial [Abstract]. Thorax 2012; Vol. 67:A145.
    1. Pinnock H, Hanley J, McCloughan L, Todd A, Krishan A, Lewis S, et al. Effectiveness of telemonitoring integrated into existing clinical services on hospital admission for exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: researcher blind, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2013;17(347):1‐16. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Pinnock H, McCloughan L, Todd A, Hanley J, Lewis S, Krishan A. Does adding telemonitoring to optimised management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease reduce hospital admissions? Randomised controlled trial [Abstract]. European Respiratory Journal: European Respiratory Society Annual Congress, Vienna, Austria, September 1‐5 2012; Vol. 40:504s.
    1. Pinnock H, McCloughlan L, Todd A, Hanley J, Lewis S, Krishan A. Clinical effectiveness of telemonitoring for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: randomised controlled trial [Abstract]. Thorax 2012;67:A27.
Rifkin 2013 {published data only}
    1. Rifkin DE, Abdelmalek JA, Miracle CM, Low C, Barsotti R, Rios P, et al. Linking clinic and home: A randomized, controlled clinical effectiveness trial of real‐time, wireless blood pressure monitoring for older patients with kidney disease and hypertension. Blood Pressure Monitoring 2013;18(1):8‐15. - PMC - PubMed
Sabatier 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sabatier R, Coutance G, Belin A, Biannic C, Loiselet P, Pradere G, et al. Three months educational remote telemonitoring in elderly patients with heartfailure reduces hospitalizations for acute heart failure at one year: a randomizedtrial. European Journal of Heart Failure Supplements (2013) 12, 2013;12:S73–S325. [DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hst009] - DOI
Segrelles 2014 {published data only}
    1. Segrelles G, Gomez‐Suarez C, Zamora E, Gonzalez‐Gamarra A, Gonzalez‐Bejar M, Jordan A. A home telehealth service for patients with severe COPD. The PROMETE study [Abstract]. European Respiratory Journal: European Respiratory Society Annual Congress, Vienna, Austria, September 1‐5 2012;40:99s.
    1. Segrelles GC, Gomez‐Suarez C, Soriano JB, Zamora E, Gonzalez‐Gamarra C, Gonzalez‐Bejar M, et al. A home telehealth program for patients with severe COPD: The PROMETE study. Respiratory Medicine 2014;108:453e462. - PubMed
Spaniel 2012 {published data only}
    1. Spaniel F, Hrdlicka J, Novak T, Kozeny J, Hoschl C, Mohr P, et al. Effectiveness of the information technology‐aided program of relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a randomized, controlled, double‐blind study. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 2012;18:269‐80. - PubMed
Steventon 2012 {published data only}
    1. Cartwright M, Hirani SP, Rixon L, Beynon M, Doll H, Bower P, et al. Effect of telehealth on quality of life and psychological outcomes over 12 months (Whole Systems Demonstrator telehealth questionnaire study): Nested study of patient reported outcomes in a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ (Online) 2013;346(7897):2013. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cartwright M, Hirani SP, Rixon L, Beynon M, Doll H, Bower P, et al. Effect of telehealth on quality of life and psychological outcomes over 12 months (Whole Systems Demonstrator telehealth questionnaire study): nested study of patient reported outcomes in a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2013;346.(1653):1‐20. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Henderson C, Knapp M, Fernandez JL, Beecham J, Hirani SP, Cartwright M, et al. Cost effectiveness of telehealth for patients with long term conditions: nested economic evaluation in a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2013;346:f1035. - PubMed
    1. Hendy J, Chrysanthaki T, Barlow J, Knapp M, Rogers A, Sanders C, et al. An organisational analysis of the implementation of telecare and telehealth: the whole systems demonstrator. BMC Health Services Research 2012;12:403, 2012.:1‐10. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sanders C, Rogers A, Bowen R, Bower P, Hirani S, Cartwright M, et al. Exploring barriers to participation and adoption of telehealth and telecare within the Whole System Demonstrator trial: a qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research 2012;12(220):1‐12. - PMC - PubMed
Stickland 2011 {published data only}
    1. Stickland M, Jourdain T, Wong EY, Rodgers WM, Jendzjowsky NG, Macdonald GF. Using Telehealth technology to deliver pulmonary rehabilitation to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Canadian Respiratory Journal [Revue Canadienne de Pneumologie] 2011;18:216‐20. - PMC - PubMed
Takahashi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Takahashi P, Pecina J, Houten H, Shah N, Naessens J, Thorsteinsdottir B, et al. The association of telemonitoring on hospice referral: A pilot randomized trial. European Geriatric Medicine. 2012; Vol. Conference: 8th Congress of the European Union Geriatric Medicine Society Brussels Belgium. Conference Start: 20120926 Conference End: 20120928. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:3.
    1. Takahashi PY, Hanson GJ, Thorsteinsdottir B, Houten HK, Shah ND, Naessens JM, et al. The impact of telemonitoring upon hospice referral in the community: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Interventions In Aging 2012;7:445‐51. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Takahashi PY, Pecina JL, Upatising B, Chaudhry R, Shah ND, Houten H, et al. A randomized controlled trial of telemonitoring in older adults with multiple health issues to prevent hospitalizations and emergency department visits. Archives of Internal Medicine 2012;172(10):773‐9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Upatising B, Hanson GJ, Kim YL, Cha SS, Yih Y, Takahashi PY. Effects of home telemonitoring on transitions between frailty states and death for older adults: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of General Medicine 2013;6:145‐51. - PMC - PubMed
van Os‐Medendorp 2012 {published data only}
    1. Os‐Medendorp H, Koffijberg H, Eland‐de Kok PC, Zalm A, Bruin‐Weller MS, Pasmans SG, et al. E‐health in caring for patients with atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled cost‐effectiveness study of internet‐guided monitoring and online self‐management training. British Journal of Dermatology 2012;166(5):1060‐8. - PubMed
Varma 2010 {published data only}
    1. Varma N, Epstein AE, Irimpen A, Schweikert R, Love C, Trust Investigators. Efficacy and safety of automatic remote monitoring for implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator follow‐up: the Lumos‐T Safely Reduces Routine Office Device Follow‐up (TRUST) trial. Circulation 2010;122(4):325‐32. - PubMed
Venter 2012 {published data only}
    1. Venter A, Burns R, Hefford M, Ehrenberg N. Results of a telehealth‐enabled chronic care management service to support people with long‐term conditions at home. Journal of Telemedicine & Telecare 2012;18(3):172‐5. - PubMed
Wakefield 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wakefield B J, Holman JE, Ray A, Scherubel M, Adams MR, Hillis SL, et al. Effectiveness of home telehealth in comorbid diabetes and hypertension: a randomized, controlled trial. Telemedicine and e‐Health 2011;17(4):254‐61. - PubMed
    1. Wakefield BJ, Holman JE, Ray A, Scherubel M, Adams MR, Hills S L, et al. Outcomes of a home telehealth intervention for patients with diabetes and hypertension. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2012;18(8):575‐9. - PubMed
Walter 2012 {published data only}
    1. Walter S, Kostopoulos P, Haass A, Keller I, Lesmeister M, Schlechtriemen T, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of patients with stroke in a mobile stroke unit versus in hospital: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurology 2012;11(5):397‐404. - PubMed
Welch 2003 {published data only}
    1. Welch G, Sokilove M, Mullin C, Master P, Horton E. Use of a modem‐equipped blood‐glucose meter augmented with bi‐weekly educator telephone support lowers HbA1c in Type 1 diabetes. Clinical Therapeutics/Technology‐ glucose monitoring and sensing 2003, issue 431P:A100.
White 2011 {published data only}
    1. White S. Telemonitoring in the renal program: Empowering patients and engaging providers. Peritoneal Dialysis International. 2011; Vol. Conference: 31st Annual Conference on Peritoneal Dialysis, 22nd Annual Symposium on Pediatric Dialysis Phoenix, AZ United States. Conference Start: 20110220 Conference End: 20110222. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:31.
Zabel 2013 {published data only}
    1. Zabel M, Vollmann D, Luthje L, Seegers J, Sohns C, Zenker D, et al. Randomized Clinical evaluatiON of wireless fluid monitoriNg and rEmote ICD managemenT using OptiVol alert‐based predefined management to reduce cardiac decompensation and health care utilization: the CONNECT‐OptiVol study. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2013;34(1):109‐16. - PubMed
Zugck 2008 {published data only}
    1. Zugck CL, Frankenstein M, Nelles H, Froehlich D, Schellberg R, Cebola A, et al. Telemedicine reduces hospitalisation rates in patients with chronic heart failure ‐ results of the randomized HiTel trial. Poster Display I. Disease management programme 2008:9.

References to ongoing studies

Antypas 2012 {published data only}
    1. Antypas K, Wangberg SC. E‐Rehabilitation ‐ an Internet and mobile phone based tailored intervention to enhance self‐management of cardiovascular disease: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2012;12(50):1‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Carlisle 2012 {published data only}
    1. Carlisle K, Warren R, Scuffham P, Cheffins T. Randomised controlled trial of an in‐home monitoring intervention to improve health outcomes for type 2 diabetes: study protocol. Studies in Health Technology & Informatics 2012;182:43‐51. - PubMed
Duncan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Duncan JM, Janke EA, Kozak AT, Roehrig M, Russell SW, McFadden HG, et al. PDA+: A Personal Digital Assistant for Obesity Treatment ‐ an RCT testing the use of technology to enhance weight loss treatment for veterans (protocol). BMC Public Health 2011; Vol. 11:223. - PMC - PubMed
Egede 2011 {published data only}
    1. Egede LE, Strom JL, Fernandes J, Knapp RG, Rojugbokan A. Effectiveness of technology‐assisted case management in low income adults with type 2 diabetes: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2011;12:231. - PMC - PubMed
Grau 2013 {published data only}
    1. Grau CE, Colet JC, Verdu Rotellar JM, Gonzalez Robledo G, Linas Alonso A, Ruiz Rodriguez P, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and costs impact of a telemonitoring and teleintervention trough videoconference program for patients with chronic heart failure: A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2013; Vol. Conference: Heart Failure Congress 2013 Lisbon Portugal. Conference Start: 20130525 Conference End: 20130528. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:12‐S26.
Jahanshahi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Jahanshahi M, Torkamani M, McDonald L. A multi‐centre controlled pilot study to evaluate a telemedicine system for the assisted living of people with dementia and their carers. Brain Impairment. 2012; Vol. Conference: 9th Annual Conference of the Special Interest Group in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation of the World Federation for NeuroRehabilitation, WFNR 2012 Bergen Norway. Conference Start: 20120702 Conference End: 20120703. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:13.
Jakobsen 2013 {published data only}
    1. Jakobsen A S, Laursen L C, stergaard B, Rydahl‐Hansen S, Emme C, Schou L. Hospital admitted COPD patients treated at home using telemedicine technology: A randomized, multi‐centre trial [Abstract]. European Respiratory Journal: European Respiratory Society Annual Congress, Vienna, Austria, September 1‐5 2012;40:531s.
    1. Jakobsen AS, Laursen LC, Østergaard B, Rydahl‐Hansen S, Phanareth KV. Hospital‐admitted COPD patients treated at homeusing telemedicine technology in The Virtual Hospital Trial: methods of a randomized effectiveness trial. Trials 2013;14(280):1‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Kroenke 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kroenke K, Krebs E, Wu J, Bair MJ, Damush T, Chumbler N, et al. Stepped Care to Optimize Pain care Effectiveness (SCOPE) trial study design and sample characteristics. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2013;34(2):270‐81. - PubMed
Lechtzin 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lechtzin N, West N, Allgood S, Wilhelm E, Khan U, Mayer‐Hamblett N, et al. Rationale and design of a randomized trial of home electronic symptom and lung function monitoring to detect CysticFibrosis pulmonary exacerbations: the early intervention incystic fibrosis exacerbation (eICE) Trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2013;36(2):2‐19. - PMC - PubMed
    1. West NE, Goss CH, Lechtzin N. Design and planning of the early intervention in cystic fibrosis exacerbation randomized trial. Pediatric Pulmonology. 2011; Vol. Conference: 25th Annual North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference Anaheim, CA United States. Conference Start: 20111103 Conference End: 20111105. Conference Publication:, issue var.pagings:46.
Margolis 2012 {published data only}
    1. Margolis KL, Kerby TJ, Asche SE, Bergdall AR, Maciosek MV, O'Connor PJ, et al. Design and rationale for home blood pressure telemonitoring and case management to control hypertension: a cluster randomized trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2012;33(4):794‐803. - PMC - PubMed
Parati 2013 {published data only}
    1. Parati G, Omboni S, Compare A, Grossi E, Callus E, Venco A, et al. Blood pressure control and treatment adherence in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome: protocol of a randomized controlled study based on home blood pressure telemonitoring vs. conventional management and assessment of psychological determinants of adherence (TELEBPMET Study). Trials [Electronic Resource] 2013;14(22):1‐11. - PMC - PubMed
Saywell 2012 {published data only}
    1. Saywell N, Vandal AC, Brown P, Hanger HC, Hale L, Mudge S, et al. Telerehabilitation to improve outcomes for people with stroke: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2012;13(233):1‐11. - PMC - PubMed
Shah 2011 {published data only}
    1. Shah B R, Adams M, Peterson E D, Powers B, Oddone E Z, Royal K, et al. Secondary prevention risk interventions via telemedicine and tailored patient education (SPRITE): a randomized trial to improve postmyocardial infarction management. Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes 2011;4(2):235‐42. - PubMed
Strachan 2012 {published data only}
    1. Strachan M, Gros DF, Yuen E, Ruggiero KJ, Foa EB, Acierno R. Home‐based telehealth to deliver evidence‐based psychotherapy in veterans with PTSD. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2012;33:402‐9. - PubMed
Villani 2007 {published data only}
    1. Villani A, Malfatto G, Della Rosa F, Branzi G, Boarin S, Borghi C, Cosentino E, Gualerzi M, Coruzzi P, Molinari E, Compare A, Cassi M, Collatina S, Parati G. Disease management for heart failure patients: role of wireless technologies for telemedicine. The ICAROS project. Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia (Rome). 2007;8(2):107‐14. - PubMed

Additional references

Anker 2011
    1. Anker SD, Koehler F, Abraham WT. Telemedicine and remote management of patients with heart failure. Lancet 2011;378(9792):731‐9. - PubMed
Arenson 2000
    1. Arenson RL, Andriole KP, Avrin DE, Gould RG. Computers in imaging and health care: now and in the future. Journal of Digital Imaging 2000;13(4):145‐56. - PMC - PubMed
Balas 1997
    1. Balas EA, Jaffrey F, Kuperman G, Boren S, Brown G, Pinciroli F, et al. Electronic communication with patients. Evaluation of distance medicine technology. JAMA 1997;278(2):152‐9. - PubMed
Bashshur 1975
    1. Bashshur RL, Armstrong PA, Youssef ZI. Telemedicine: Explorations in the Use of Telecommunications in Heatlh Care. Springfield: Charles C Thomas, 1975.
Bashshur 2005
    1. Bashshur R, Shannon G, Sapci H. Telemedicine evaluation. Telemedicine Journal and e‐Health 2005;11(3):296‐318. - PubMed
Behlouli 2009
    1. Behlouli H, Feldman DE, Ducharme A, Frenette M, Giannetti N, Grondin F, et al. Identifying relative cut‐off scores with neural networks for interpretation of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire.. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2009; Vol. 6242‐6. [DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.2009.5334659.] - DOI - PubMed
Biermann 2002
    1. Biermann E, Dietrich W, Rihl J, Standl E. Are there time and cost savings by using telemanagement for patients on intensified insulin therapy? A randomised, controlled trial. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 2002;69(2):137‐46. - PubMed
Casas 2010
    1. Casas JP, Kwong J, Ebrahim S. Telemonitoring for chronic heart failure: not ready for prime time [editorial].. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010;8:10.1002/14651858.ED000008. - PMC - PubMed
Chaudhry 2007
    1. Chaudhry S, Phillips C, Stewart S, Riegel B, Mattera J, Jerant A, et al. Telemonitoring for patients with chronic heart failure: A systematic review. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2007;13(1):56‐62. - PMC - PubMed
Clarke 2011
    1. Clarke M, Shah A, Sharma U. Systematic review of studies on telemonitoring of patients with congestive heart failure: a meta‐analysis. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2011;17(1):7‐14. - PubMed
Collins 2004
    1. Collins K, Bowns I, Walters S. General practitioners' perceptions of asynchronous telemedicine in a randomized controlled trial of teledermatology. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2004;10(2):94‐8. - PubMed
Crow 2009
    1. Crow SJ, Mitchell JE, Crosby RD, Swanson SA, Wonderlich S, Lancanster K. The cost effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for bulimianervosa delivered via telemedicine versus face‐to‐face. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2009;47:451–3. - PMC - PubMed
de Bont 2008
    1. Bont A, Bal R. Telemedicine in interdisciplinary work practices: On an IT system that met the criteria for success set out by its sponsors, yet failed tobecome part of every‐day clinical routines. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2008;8(47):1‐7. [DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-8-47] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
DHHSFDA 2009
    1. US Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug administration. Guidance for industry: patient‐reported outcome measures: use in medical product development to support labelling claims. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformati.... 2009; Vol. Accessed October 24, 2014..
EPOC 2013a
    1. Effective Practice, Organisation of Care (EPOC). Data collection form [EPOC Resources for review authors]. Oslo: Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services 2013. Available at: http://epoc.cochrane.org/epoc‐specific‐resources‐review‐authors.
EPOC 2013b
    1. Effective Practice, Organisation of Care (EPOC). Suggested risk of bias criteria for EPOC reviews [EPOC Resources for review authors]. Oslo: Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services 2013. Available at: http://epoc.cochrane.org/epoc‐specific‐resources‐review‐authors.
Farmer 2004
    1. Farmer A, Gibson OJ, Tarassenko L, Neil A. A systematic review of telemedicine interventions tosupport blood glucose self‐monitoring in diabetes. Diabetes Medicine 2005;22:1372‐8. - PubMed
Free 2013
    1. Free C, Phillips G, Watson L, Galli L, Felix L, Edwards P, et al. The effectiveness of mobile‐health technologies to improve health care service delivery processes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. PLoS Medicine 2013;10(1):e1001363.doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001363. - PMC - PubMed
Hersh 2001
    1. Hersh W, Helfand M, Wallace J, Kraemer D, Patterson P, Shapiro S, et al. Clinical outcomes resulting from telemedicine interventions: a systematic review. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2001;1(5):1‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC (editors). In:. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies.. In: Higgins JPT, Green S editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011., 2011:(updated March 2011)..
Inglis 2010
    1. Inglis SC, Clark RA, McAlister FA, Ball J, Lewinter C, Cullington D, et al. Structured telephone support or telemonitoring programmes for patients with chronic heart failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007228.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Kaplan 2008
    1. Kaplan B, Litewka S. Ethical challenges of telemedicine and telehealth. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2008;17(4):401‐16. - PubMed
Kraii 2011
    1. Kraii IH, Luttik MLA, Jong RM, Jaarsma T, Hillege HL. Heart failure patients monitored with telemedicine: patient satisfaction, a review of the literature. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2011;17(8):684‐90. - PubMed
Lefebvre 2011
    1. Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J. Chapter 6: Searching for studies. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration. Available at www.cochrane‐handbook.org, 2011.
Leimig 2008
    1. Leimig R, Gower G, Thompson DA, Winsett RP. Infection, rejection and hospitalizations in transplant recipients using telehealth. Progress in Transplantation 2008;18(2):97‐102. - PubMed
Mair 2000
    1. Mair F, Whitten P. Systematic review of studies of patient satisfaction with telemedicine. BMJ 2000;320(7248):1517‐20. - PMC - PubMed
Marcolino 2013
    1. Marcolino MS, Maia JX, Alkmim MB, Boersma E, Ribeiro AL. Telemedicine application in the care of diabetes patients: systematic review and meta‐analysis. PLoS One 2013;8(11):e79246. - PMC - PubMed
May 2003
    1. May C, Harrison R, Finch T, Macfarlane A, Mair F, Wallace P. Understanding the normalization of telemedicine services through qualitative evaluation. Journal of American Medical Informatic Association 2003;10(6):596‐604. [DOI: 10.1197/jamia.M1145] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
May 2011
    1. May CR, Finch TL, Cornford J, Exley C, Gately C, Kirk S, et al. Integrating telecare for chronic diseasemanagement in the community: What needs tobe done?. BMC Health Services Research 2011;11(131):1‐11. - PMC - PubMed
McLean 2010
    1. McLean S, Chandler D, Nurmatov U, Liu J, Pagliari C, Car J, et al. Telehealthcare for asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007717.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
McLean 2011
    1. McLean S, Nurmatov U, Liu JLY, Pagliari C, Car J, Sheikh A. Telehealthcare for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007718.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Nakamura 2013
    1. Nakamura N, Koga T, Iseki H. A meta‐analysis of remote patient monitoring for chronic heart failure patients. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2014;20(1):11‐7. - PubMed
Nicolini 2006
    1. Nicolini D. The work to make telemedicine work: A social and articulative view. Social Science & Medicine 2006;62(11):2754‐67. - PubMed
OECD 2010
    1. OECD. Improving Health Sector Efficiency; the role of information and communication technologies. Health Policy Studies. 2010.
Palmas 2010
    1. Palmas W, Shea S, Starren J, Teresi JA, Ganz ML, Burton TM, et al. Medicare payments, healthcare service use, and telemedicine implementation costs in a randomized trial comparing telemedicine case management with usual care in medically underserved participants with diabetes mellitus (IDEATel). Journal of American Medical Informatics Association 2010;17(2):196‐202. - PMC - PubMed
Paré 2010
    1. Paré G, Moqadem K, Pineau G, St‐Hilaire C. Clinical effects of home telemonitoring in the context of diabetes, asthma, heart failure and hypertension: a systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2010;12(2):e21. - PMC - PubMed
Polisena 2009
    1. Polisena J, Coyle D, Coyle K, McGill S. Home telehealth for chronic disease management: A systematic review and an analysis of economic evaluations. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2009;25(3):339‐49. - PubMed
Polisena 2010
    1. Polisena J, Tran K, Cimon K, Hutton B, McGill S, Palmer K, et al. Home telemonitoring for congestive heart failure: a systematic review and meta‐analysis ?. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2010;16:68‐76. - PubMed
Polisena 2010a
    1. Polisena J, Tran K, Cimon K, Hutton B, McGill S, Palmer K, et al. Home telehealth for chronic obstructivepulmonary disease: a systematicreview and meta‐analysis. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2010;16:120–7. - PubMed
Ronquillo 2012
    1. Ronquillo C, Currie L. The digitial divide: trends in global mobile and broadband Internet access from 2000‐2010. Nursing Informatics 2012. 2012; Vol. Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Nursing Informatics. - PMC - PubMed
Schmidt 2010
    1. Schmidt S, Schuchert A, Krieg T, Oeff M. Home telemonitoring in patients with chronic heart failure: a chance to improve patient care?. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 2010;107(8):131‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Stroetman 2010
    1. Stroetmann KA, Kubitschke L, Robinson S, Stroetman V, Cullen K, McDaid D. How can telehealth help in the provision of integrated care?. Health Systems and Policy Analysis, Policy Brief 2010; Vol. 13.
Taylor 1998a
    1. Taylor P. A two part survey of research in telemedicine: part one: telemedicine systems. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 1998;4(1):1‐17. - PubMed
Taylor 1998b
    1. Taylor P. A two‐part survey of research in telemedicine: part 2 : telemedicine services. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 1998;4(2):63‐71. - PubMed
Weinstein 2009
    1. Weinstein RS, Graham AR, Richter LC, Barker GP, Krupinski EA, Lopez AM, et al. Overview of telepathology, virtual microscopy, and whole slide imaging: prospects for the future. Human Pathology 2009;40(8):1057‐69. - PubMed
WHO 2011
    1. WHO. Telemedicine – opportunities and developments in Member States [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241564144_eng.pdf [accessed] 2011.
WHO 2014
    1. World Health Organisation. eHealth and innovation inwomen's and children's health: A baseline review. http://www.who.int/goe/publications/baseline_fullreport/en/ 2014; Vol. accessed 8 January 2015.
Willems 2007
    1. Willems DC, Joore MA, Hendriks JJ, Wouters EF, Severens JL. Cost‐effectiveness of a nurse‐led telemonitoring intervention based on peak expiratory flow measurements in asthmatics: results of a randomised controlled trial. Cost Effective Resource Allocation 2007;27(5):10. - PMC - PubMed
Wootton 2012
    1. Wootton R, Geissbuhler A, Jethwani K, Kovarikd C, Person DA, Vladzymyrskyy A, et al. Long‐running telemedicine networks delivering humanitarian services: experience, performance and scientific output. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2012;90:341‐347D. [DOI: 10.2471/BLT.11.099143] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zurovac 2012
    1. Zurovac D, Talisuna AO, Snow RW. Mobile phone text messaging: Tool for malaria control in Africa. PLoS Medicine 2012;9(2):e1001176. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001176] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Currell 1997
    1. Currell R, Urquhart C, Wainwright P, Lewis R. The impact of telemedicine as an alternative to face to face patient care, on professional practice and patient care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1997, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858] - DOI - PubMed
Currell 2000
    1. Currell R, Urquhart C, Wainwright P, Lewis R. Telemedicine versus face to face patient care: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002098] - DOI - PubMed

Publication types