Dose correction for post-contrast T1 mapping of the heart: the MESA study

Abstract

Post-contrast myocardial T1 (T1(myo,c)) values have been shown to be sensitive to myocardial fibrosis. Recent studies have shown differences in results obtained from T1(myo,c) and extracellular volume fraction (ECV) with respect to percentage fibrosis. By exploring the relationship between blood plasma volume and T1(myo,c), the underlying basis for the divergence can be explained. Furthermore, dose administration based on body mass index (BMI), age and gender can mitigate the divergence in results. Inter-subject comparison of T1(myo,c) required adjustment for dose (in mmol/kg), time and glomerular filtration rate. Further adjustment for effective dose based on lean muscle mass reflected by blood/plasma volume was performed. A test case of 605 subjects from the MESA study who had undergone pre- and post-contrast T1 mapping was studied. T1(myo,c) values were compared between subjects with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS), between smoking and non-smoking subjects, and subjects with and without impaired glucose tolerance, before and after dose adjustment based on plasma volume. Comparison with ECV (which is dose independent), pre-contrast myocardial T1 and blood normalized myocardial T1 values was also performed to validate the correction. There were significant differences in T1(myo,c) (post plasma volume correction) and ECV between current and former smokers (p value 0.017 and 0.01, respectively) but not T1(myo,c) prior to correction (p = 0.12). Prior to dose adjustment for plasma volume, p value was <0.001 for T1(myo,c) between MetS and non-MetS groups and was 0.13 between subjects with and without glucose intolerance; after adjustment for PV, p value was 0.63 and 0.99. Corresponding ECV p values were 0.44 and 0.99, respectively. Overall, ECV results showed the best agreement with PV corrected T1(myo,c) (mean absolute difference in p values = 0.073) and pre-contrast myocardial T1 in comparison with other measures (T1(myo,c( prior to correction, blood/plasma T1 value normalized myocardium). Weight-based contrast dosing administered in mmol/kg results in a bias in T1 values which can lead to erroneous conclusions. After adjustment for lean muscle mass based on plasma volume, results from T1(myo,c) were in line with ECV derived results. Furthermore, the use of a modified equivalent dose adjusted for BMI, age, sex and hematocrit can be adopted for quantitative imaging.

Keywords: Blood volume; Cardiac; Dose correction; Plasma volume; T1 mapping.

Figure 1

Figure 1 (a): Simulation of true dose in the female population resulting from dose administered in mmol/kg as a function of BMI and age. Maximum dose concentration in plasma occurs at the oldest age (80 yrs here) and highest BMI (50 kg/m² here). All individuals who weigh the same but have different BMIs and ages would show different contrast concentrations in plasma as plotted here. Figure 1 (b): Simulation of true dose in the male population resulting from dose administered in mmol/kg as a function of BMI and age. Maximum dose concentration in plasma occurs at the oldest age (80 yrs here) and highest BMI (50 kg/m² here).

Figure 1

Figure 1 (a): Simulation of true dose in the female population resulting from dose administered in mmol/kg as a function of BMI and age. Maximum dose concentration in plasma occurs at the oldest age (80 yrs here) and highest BMI (50 kg/m² here). All individuals who weigh the same but have different BMIs and ages would show different contrast concentrations in plasma as plotted here. Figure 1 (b): Simulation of true dose in the male population resulting from dose administered in mmol/kg as a function of BMI and age. Maximum dose concentration in plasma occurs at the oldest age (80 yrs here) and highest BMI (50 kg/m² here).

Figure 2

Figure 2 (a): Simulation of T1 variation in the female population resulting from dose administered in mmol/kg as a function of BMI and age. Minimum T1 value will result at the oldest age (80 yrs here) and highest BMI (50 kg/m² here). All individuals who weigh the same but have different BMIs and ages would exhibit different T1 values post-contrast although the administered dose was the same based on mmol/kg. Figure 2 (b): Simulation of T1 variation in the male population resulting from dose administered in mmol/kg as a function of BMI and age. Minimum T1 value will result at the oldest age (80 yrs here) and highest BMI (50 kg/m² here). All individuals who weigh the same but have different BMIs and ages would exhibit different T1 values post-contrast although the administered dose was the same based on mmol/kg.

Figure 2

Figure 2 (a): Simulation of T1 variation in the female population resulting from dose administered in mmol/kg as a function of BMI and age. Minimum T1 value will result at the oldest age (80 yrs here) and highest BMI (50 kg/m² here). All individuals who weigh the same but have different BMIs and ages would exhibit different T1 values post-contrast although the administered dose was the same based on mmol/kg. Figure 2 (b): Simulation of T1 variation in the male population resulting from dose administered in mmol/kg as a function of BMI and age. Minimum T1 value will result at the oldest age (80 yrs here) and highest BMI (50 kg/m² here). All individuals who weigh the same but have different BMIs and ages would exhibit different T1 values post-contrast although the administered dose was the same based on mmol/kg.

Figure 3

Figure 3 (a): Correlation between T1_myo,c and ECV prior to correction (r = −0.6). Figure 3 (b): Correlation between T1myo,c and ECV after correction (r = −0.78) as described in text.