Inverting the pyramid! Extent and quality of food advertised on Austrian television

Abstract

Background: Research showed that food marketing for children frequently contradicts national dietary guidelines. Children, unlike adults, are not able to understand the persuasiveness of the advertisements with its short- and long-term effects on health, thus the common international tenor is to restrict food marketing. In the European Union, marketing restriction based on self-regulation have been initiated (EU Pledge Nutrition Criteria). The study aims contribute to depict the status quo of television advertisement targeted at children before the pledged initiative came into full effect.

Methods: In this study we analyze the quality and displaying frequency of a set of advertisements targeted at children broadcasted on Austrian television. Promoted food products targeted at children or adults were identified. Category-based analysis of the displayed food was performed based on the Austrian Nutrition guidelines (number of displayed food per food category). The children's food content was analyzed according to the newly established nutritional quality criteria for advertised food in the EU to assess the nutritional quality of the depicted food.

Results: In total, 360 h of video material was recorded in February and March 2014. A set of 1919 food advertisements, with 15.1 % targeted at children were broadcasted. Of all food advertisements targeted at children, 92.4 % was for fatty, sweet and salty snacks, while no advertisements for vegetables, legumes or fruits were shown. From all food advertisements for children, 65.9 % originated from participating companies of the EU Pledge Nutrition Criteria. Further analysis revealed that 95.9 % of the advertised food for children showed at least one aspect of nonconformity with the EU Pledge Nutrition Criteria; on the contrary 64.7 % of the displayed food advertisement also featured at least one desirable food component (e.g. high fibre content, high protein content).

Conclusions: The present research suggests that the majority of advertised food for children do not conform with the pledged criteria as defined in the EU Pledge Nutrition Criteria and almost all advertisements would be prohibited. We discuss our findings in the context of public health nutrition and present a perspective for future directions in this important field of research.

Fig. 1

Displaying frequencies of food advertisements for children (per hour). Notes. Advertisements are displayed in displaying frequencies per hour on different times of the day, split into weekends and weekdays. Morning hours (6 am–11 am), midday hours (11 am–4 pm), evening hours (4 pm–9 pm)

Fig. 2

Displaying frequency of eight food categories divided by target group (in %). Notes. Displaying frequency of eight food categories of the Food Guide Pyramid in % of the total displayed food. The displaying frequency is divided along the target group, respectively targeted at children contrasted by all audiences

Fig. 3

Food advertisement by member and non-member companies displaying encouraging and restricted foods (in %). Notes. Displaying frequency of food advertisements by members and non-members of the EU Nutritition Criteria Pledge split in % of restricted food advertisement and % of food advertisement displaying food components to encourage