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Review
. 2016 Mar 19;387(10024):1227-39.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00234-2. Epub 2015 Sep 15.

Suicide and suicidal behaviour

Gustavo Turecki  1 , David A Brent  2
Affiliations
Review

Suicide and suicidal behaviour

Gustavo Turecki et al. Lancet. .

Abstract

Suicide is a complex public health problem of global importance. Suicidal behaviour differs between sexes, age groups, geographic regions, and sociopolitical settings, and variably associates with different risk factors, suggesting aetiological heterogeneity. Although there is no effective algorithm to predict suicide in clinical practice, improved recognition and understanding of clinical, psychological, sociological, and biological factors might help the detection of high-risk individuals and assist in treatment selection. Psychotherapeutic, pharmacological, or neuromodulatory treatments of mental disorders can often prevent suicidal behaviour; additionally, regular follow-up of people who attempt suicide by mental health services is key to prevent future suicidal behaviour.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of interest

None.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Cross-national prevalence of SB
Non-fatal SB data are from the cited references. Suicide fatalities (solid bars) reported are from the World Health Organization’s 2014 report, Mental health: suicide prevention.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Model for suicide risk
Suicide risk is modulated by a range of factors both at the population and individual levels. Population factors related to social cohesion include wide-scale changes to the social structure, societal pressures such as economic turmoil, and social isolation of individuals or groups of individuals. Environmental factors in the population that could impact an individual’s risk for suicide include representation of suicide in the media, accessibility of lethal means of suicide and difficulties in accessing appropriate healthcare. Individual risk factors can be grouped into distal (or predisposing), developmental (or mediating), and proximal (or precipitating) factors, and many of these factors interact to contribute to the risk of developing SBs.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Biological changes in the suicidal brain
5HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine, or serotonin; AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid; BDNF, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; Cx, connexin; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; GLUL, Glutamine synthetase; IL, interleukin; NMDA, N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid; SERT, serotonin transporter; SLC, solute carrier family; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; TRKB, Tropomyosin receptor kinase B
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. World Health Organization. [accessed 5 November 2014];Mental health: suicide prevention. 2014 http://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/en/
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