Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Aging, and Anti-Melanogenic Properties of the Essential Oils from Two Varieties of Alpinia zerumbet

Abstract

Here, we investigated the anti-oxidant and anti-aging effects of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of Alpinia zerumbet (tairin and shima) in vitro and anti-melanogenic effects in B16F10 melanoma cells. The anti-oxidant activities were performed with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS); nitric oxide; singlet oxygen; hydroxyl radical scavenging; and xanthine oxidase. The inhibitory activities against collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase were employed for anti-aging. The anti-melanogenic was assessed in B16F10 melanoma cells by melanin synthesis and intracellular tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The volatile chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The EO was a complex mixture mainly consisting of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The results revealed that tairin and shima EOs showed strong anti-oxidant activities against DPPH and nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and xanthine oxidase inhibition. Compared to shima EO; tairin EO exhibited strong anti-aging activity by inhibiting collagenase, tyrosinase, hyaluronidase, and elastase (IC50 = 11 ± 0.1; 25 ± 1.2; 83 ± 1.6; and 213 ± 2 μg/mL, respectively). Both EOs inhibited intracellular tyrosinase activity; thus, reducing melanin synthesis. These results suggest that tairin EO has better anti-oxidant/anti-aging activity than shima EO, but both are equally anti-melanogenic.

Keywords: Alpinia zerumbet; anti-aging; anti-melanogenic; anti-oxidant; essential oil.

Figure 1

Tairin and shima essential oil (EO)-mediated collagenase (A) and elastase (B) inhibition. Values shown represent the mean ± standard error from three independent experiments. One-way ANOVA was used for the comparison of multiple group means, followed by the Duncan test (p < 0.05). Letters with different superscripts indicate samples that are significantly different (p < 0.05) from each other. IC, inhibitory concentration.

Figure 2

Tairin and shima essential oil (EO)-mediated tyrosinase (A) and hyaluronidase (B) inhibition. Values shown represent the mean ± standard error from three independent experiments. One-way ANOVA was used for the comparison of multiple group means, followed by the Duncan test (p < 0.05). Letters with different superscripts indicate samples that are significantly different (p < 0.05) from each other. IC, inhibitory concentration.

Figure 3

Inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity by tairin and shima essential oils (EOs). Values shown represent the mean ± standard error from three independent experiments. One-way ANOVA was used for the comparison of multiple group means, followed by the Duncan test (p < 0.05). Letters with different superscripts indicate samples that are significant different (p < 0.05) from each other. IC, inhibitory concentration.

Figure 4

Effect of tairin and shima essenetial oils (EOs) on B16F10 melanoma cell viability. B16F10 cells were treated with various concentrations of EO and incubated for 48 h. Values shown represent the mean ± standard error for three independent experiments. One-way ANOVA was used for the comparison of multiple group means, followed by the Duncan test (p < 0.05). Letters with different superscripts indicate samples that are significantly different (p < 0.05) from each other.

Figure 5

Effect of tairin and shima essential oils (EOs) on melanin production in B16F10 melanoma cells. B16F10 cells were treated with various concentrations of EO and incubated for 48 h. The melanin content of B16F10 melanoma cells was measured with a microplate reader at 490 nm. Values shown represent the mean ± standard error for three independent experiments. A one-way ANOVA was used for the comparison of multiple group means, followed by the Duncan test (p < 0.05). Letters with different superscripts indicate samples that are significant different (p < 0.05) from each other.

Figure 6

Effect of tairin and shima essential oils (EOs) on intracellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 melanoma cells. B16F10 cells were treated with various concentrations of EO and incubated for 48 h. The intracellular tyrosinase activity of B16F10 melanoma cells was measured with a microplate reader at 490 nm. Values shown represent the mean ± standard error for three independent experiments. One-way ANOVA was used for the comparison of multiple group means, followed by the Duncan test (p < 0.05). Letters with different superscripts indicate samples that are significant different (p < 0.05) from each other.