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Review
. 2016 Feb;12(1):121-8.
doi: 10.1007/s12015-015-9625-5.

Emerging Strategies to Enhance Homing and Engraftment of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Mariusz Z Ratajczak  1   2 , Malwina Suszynska  3   4
Affiliations
Review

Emerging Strategies to Enhance Homing and Engraftment of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Mariusz Z Ratajczak et al. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2016 Feb.

Abstract

Successful clinical outcomes from transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) depend upon efficient HSC homing to bone marrow (BM), subsequent engraftment, and, finally, BM repopulation. Homing of intravenously administered HSCs from peripheral blood (PB) through the circulation to the BM stem cell niches, which is the first critical step that precedes their engraftment, is enforced by chemotactic factors released in the BM microenvironment that chemoattract HSCs. These chemotactic factors include α-chemokine stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), the bioactive phosphosphingolipids sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramid-1-phosphate (C1P), and the extracellular nucleotides ATP and UTP. Stem cells may also respond to a Ca(2+) or H(+) gradient by employing calcium- or proton-sensing receptors, respectively. In this review, we will present emerging strategies based on ex vivo manipulation of graft HSCs that are aimed at enhancing the responsiveness of HSCs to BM-secreted chemoattractants and/or promoting HSC adhesion and seeding efficiency in the BM microenvironment.

Keywords: Adult stem cells; C1P; CXCR4; Chemotaxis; Extracellular nucleotides; Lipid rafts; Priming; S1P; SDF-1; Stem cell homing; VLA-4.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Currently proposed strategies that may improve homing and engraftment of HSPCs. a Strategies based on increasing the biological effects of membrane lipid rafts. b Modification of the expression and function of molecules involved in adhesion and BM homing. c Metabolic modification of the homing properties of HSPCs. d Enhancing the bioavailability of chemotactic factors for HSPCs. This classification is presented for reasons of simplicity; however, it is clear that several of the proposed strategies have overlapping effects affecting other mechanisms
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