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. 2015 Sep 24;10(9):e0138285.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138285. eCollection 2015.

Validation of Smartphone Based Retinal Photography for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening

Ramachandran Rajalakshmi  1 , Subramanian Arulmalar  1 , Manoharan Usha  1 , Vijayaraghavan Prathiba  1 , Khaji Syed Kareemuddin  1 , Ranjit Mohan Anjana  1 , Viswanathan Mohan  1
Affiliations

Validation of Smartphone Based Retinal Photography for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening

Ramachandran Rajalakshmi et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Aim: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of "fundus on phone' (FOP) camera, a smartphone based retinal imaging system, as a screening tool for diabetic retinopathy (DR) detection and DR severity in comparison with 7-standard field digital retinal photography.

Design: Single-site, prospective, comparative, instrument validation study.

Methods: 301 patients (602 eyes) with type 2 diabetes underwent standard seven-field digital fundus photography with both Carl Zeiss fundus camera and indigenous FOP at a tertiary care diabetes centre in South India. Grading of DR was performed by two independent retina specialists using modified Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study grading system. Sight threatening DR (STDR) was defined by the presence of proliferative DR(PDR) or diabetic macular edema. The sensitivity, specificity and image quality were assessed.

Results: The mean age of the participants was 53.5 ±9.6 years and mean duration of diabetes 12.5±7.3 years. The Zeiss camera showed that 43.9% had non-proliferative DR(NPDR) and 15.3% had PDR while the FOP camera showed that 40.2% had NPDR and 15.3% had PDR. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting any DR by FOP was 92.7% (95%CI 87.8-96.1) and 98.4% (95%CI 94.3-99.8) respectively and the kappa (ĸ) agreement was 0.90 (95%CI-0.85-0.95 p<0.001) while for STDR, the sensitivity was 87.9% (95%CI 83.2-92.9), specificity 94.9% (95%CI 89.7-98.2) and ĸ agreement was 0.80 (95%CI 0.71-0.89 p<0.001), compared to conventional photography.

Conclusion: Retinal photography using FOP camera is effective for screening and diagnosis of DR and STDR with high sensitivity and specificity and has substantial agreement with conventional retinal photography.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Fundus cameras.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Retinal images of diabetic retinopathy obtained in fundus on phone (FOP) and Zeiss camera.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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