Late-Onset Combined Immunodeficiency with a Novel IL2RG Mutation and Probable Revertant Somatic Mosaicism

Abstract

Primary immunodeficiency disease (PID) is caused by mutations of more than two hundred immunity-related genes. In addition to the heterogeneity of the diseases, the atypical presentation of each disease caused by hypomorphic mutations or somatic mosaicism makes genetic diagnosis challenging. Next-generation sequencing tests all genes simultaneously and has proven its innovative efficacy in genomics. We describe a male PID patient without any family history of immunodeficiency. This patient suffered from recurrent infections from 1 year of age. Laboratory analysis showed hypogammaglobulinemia. T, B, and NK cells were present, but the T cell proliferative response decreased. Whole-exome sequencing analysis identified an IL2RG p.P58T missense mutation. CD8(+) and CD56(+) cells showed revertant somatic mosaicism to the wild-type allele. A late-onset and atypical presentation of the X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) phenotype might be associated with revertant somatic mosaicism in T and NK cells. This patient is the seventh reported case of X-SCID with revertant somatic mosaicism. His classical clinical management did not result in a molecular diagnosis because of the atypical presentation. The coverage that is provided by whole-exome sequencing of most PID genes effectively excluded differential diagnoses other than X-SCID. As next-generation sequencing becomes available in clinical practice, it will enhance our knowledge of PID and rescue currently undiagnosed patients.

Keywords: Combined immunodeficiency; Revertant somatic mosaicism; Whole-exome sequencing; X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency.